{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T09:18:38Z","timestamp":1789291118401,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2023 Ningbo Natural Science Funding Commonweal Programme Major Project","award":["2023S019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023S019"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key R&D Project","award":["2025Z111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025Z111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biodiesel, which is a blend of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), has garnered significant attention as a promising alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel. Nevertheless, the commercial production of biodiesel faces challenges due to the high costs associated with feedstock and the non-recyclable homogeneous catalyst system. To address these issues, a solid catalyst derived from construction industry waste cement was synthesized and utilized for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). The catalyst\u2019s surface and physical characteristics were analyzed through various techniques, including Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The waste-cement catalyst demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance and reusability in the transesterification of WCO with methanol for biodiesel synthesis. A maximum biodiesel yield of 98.1% was obtained under the optimal reaction conditions of reaction temperature 65 \u00b0C; methanol\/WCO molar ratio 16:1; calcined cement dosage 3 g; and reaction time 8 h. The apparent activation energy (Ea) from the reaction kinetic study is 35.78 KJ\u00b7mol\u22121, suggesting that the transesterification reaction is governed by kinetic control rather than diffusion. The biodiesel produced exhibited high-quality properties and can be utilized in existing diesel engines without any modifications. This research presents a scalable, environmentally benign pathway for WCO transesterification, thereby contributing significantly to the economic viability and long-term sustainability of the global biodiesel industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16020108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1768388474000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using a Construction Industry Waste Cement as a Heterogeneous and Reusable Catalyst"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Fenghuan Renewable Energy Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Fenghuan Renewable Energy Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6040-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1799-6591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zezhou","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5180-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RE00501E","article-title":"Acidic ionic liquid-decorated covalent organic framework TpPa\u2013SO3H: A reusable solid acid catalyst used for sustainable biodiesel production from low-grade acidic oils","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"React. 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