{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T01:14:24Z","timestamp":1768526064138,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Advance Queensland Industry Fellowship","award":["AQIRF128-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AQIRF128-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polypropylene (PP) nonwovens are widely used as filtration layers in surgical face masks, but their hydrophobic, inert surfaces limit their ability to attach functional coatings that adjust pore size and improve mechanical filtration. Herein, we exploit cellulose derived from sugarcane debris to construct nanocellulose coatings that modify the surface properties of PP mask nonwovens without altering the underlying fibre architecture. Cellulose pulp was fibrillated to cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) and functionalised to yield TEMPO-oxidised nanofibres (TCNFs) and cationic nanofibres (CCNFs). All these nanofibres retain a cellulose I structure with a thermal stability of well above an 80\u2013100 \u00b0C drying window. The three nanocelluloses exhibit distinct combinations of surface charge and wettability (\u03b6 \u2248 \u22129, \u221273, and +76 mV), with various hydrophobicity. Dip coating produces nanocellulose coating layers on PP, with uniform coverage at 1 wt% for TCNF and CCNF. CCNF inverts the negative surface charge of PP and maintains the positive charge at 86% relative humidity. Ethanol pretreatment of PP increases CCNF coating adhesion and preserves a continuous nanoporous CCNF film on the PP surface under humid conditions. Cytotoxicity assays indicate no detectable cytotoxicity for coated or uncoated nonwovens. This work establishes sugarcane-derived nanocellulose, particularly CCNF and TCNF, as a potential biocompatible surface coating for PP mask nonwovens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16020112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanocellulose Coatings for Surgical Face Masks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3515-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Rajah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4665-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandya","family":"Athukoralalage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7934-2991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramanathan","family":"Yegappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2624-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasim","family":"Amiralian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7286735","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/7286735","article-title":"Face Masks in the New COVID-19 Normal: Materials, Testing, and Perspectives","volume":"2020","author":"Chua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.01.008","article-title":"A review on modification methods to cellulose-based adsorbents to improve adsorption capacity","volume":"91","author":"Hokkanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00477","article-title":"Cellulose: A Review of Water Interactions, Applications in Composites, and Water Treatment","volume":"123","author":"Etale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. 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