{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T09:02:51Z","timestamp":1771405371893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52074235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52074235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CNPC\u2212SWPU Innovation Consortium Strategic Cooperation Project","award":["2020CX020202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CX020202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydraulic fracturing is a critical technology for developing shale gas reservoirs, which are typical natural nanoporous media. However, the complex two\u2212phase flow induced by fracturing fluid retention and the strong interference among hydraulic fractures introduce significant uncertainties to productivity forecasting. To address these challenges, this study proposes a transient productivity forecasting method to characterize fluid transport in fractured nanoporous media. This method introduces a gas\u2212water two\u2212phase pseudo\u2212pressure function to reconstruct the flow equations, utilizing micro\u2212segment discretization and the principle of superposition to accurately characterize pressure drop interference among fractures, enabling rapid dynamic productivity forecasting under realistic well trajectory conditions. The investigation reveals that while increasing fracture count, half\u2212length, and permeability enhances productivity, these improvements exhibit significant diminishing marginal returns, indicating the existence of optimal economic thresholds for these engineering parameters. Conversely, elevated water saturation, skin factor, and stress sensitivity lead to a decline in productivity. Analysis of flow interference demonstrates that fractures at the wellbore extremities contribute significantly higher production than those in the central section due to reduced interference, while deviations in the wellbore trajectory further exacerbate production heterogeneity. Field application confirms that the proposed method achieves reliable production history matching under realistic well trajectories and accurately captures the typical three\u2212stage production characteristics of shale gas wells, providing a robust basis for Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) assessment and fracturing design optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16040264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:50:30Z","timestamp":1771401030000},"page":"264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Transient Two\u2212Phase Productivity Forecasting Method in Fractured Nanoporous Shale Gas Reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ruihan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siliang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Changning Natural Gas Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongsha","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Changning Natural Gas Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liehui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Energy (2025, April 04). 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