{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T05:38:04Z","timestamp":1783748284095,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The influence of a non-resonant intense laser field on the optical absorption and Raman scattering processes in ZnO\/Mg0.2Zn0.8O quantum wells is theoretically investigated. It is shown that the dressing field significantly modifies the confinement potential and reshapes the electronic wave functions, leading to tunable shifts in intersubband transition energies and changes in the dipole matrix elements. These laser-induced effects produce notable variations in the absorption spectrum and strongly modulate the Raman differential cross section and Raman gain. Under the application of a non-resonant laser field, the Raman gain is enhanced by almost a factor of four, whereas off-resonant pumping results in much weaker, yet still field-dependent, responses. The results demonstrate that intense laser fields provide an effective tool to dynamically control the optical and Raman properties of ZnO-based quantum well structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16040276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:00:52Z","timestamp":1771840852000},"page":"276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optical Absorption and Raman Scattering in ZnO\/MgxZn1\u2212xO Quantum Wells Under Non-Resonant Laser Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7622-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Uran-Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Materia Condensada-UdeA, Instituto de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Cl 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8666-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. A.","family":"Gil-Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano (ITM)-Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria, Campus Fraternidad, Calle 73 No. 76A-354 V\u00eda al Volador, Medell\u00edn 050034, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. A.","family":"Vinasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira 763533, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4004-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. L.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Materia Condensada-UdeA, Instituto de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Cl 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3382-2783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. A.","family":"Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Materia Condensada-UdeA, Instituto de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Cl 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1370116","article-title":"Excitonic transitions in ZnO\/MgZnO quantum well heterostructures","volume":"78","author":"Coli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253509","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2149294","article-title":"Spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization effects in wurtzite ZnO\/MgZnO quantum well lasers","volume":"87","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1850594","article-title":"Growth of ZnO\/MgZnO quantum wells on sapphire substrates and observation of the two-dimensional confinement effect","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.03.002","article-title":"p-Type ZnO materials: Theory, growth, properties and devices","volume":"58","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3012579","article-title":"Electrically pumped ultraviolet ZnO diode lasers on Si","volume":"93","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3137203","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulation of terahertz quantum cascade laser structures based on wide-bandgap semiconductors","volume":"105","author":"Bellotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aaa978","article-title":"A review of the quantum Hall effects in MgZnO\/ZnO heterostructures","volume":"81","author":"Falson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050009","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218126620500097","article-title":"A Physics-Based Analytical Model for MgZnO\/ZnO HEMT","volume":"29","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Circuits Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2019.104711","article-title":"P-NiO\/n-ZnO heterojunction photodiodes with an MgZnO\/ZnO quantum well insertion layer","volume":"105","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2022.169789","article-title":"Modeling and study of MgZnO\/CdZnO MQW LED with p\u2013GaN\/AlGaN cladding\/EB layer","volume":"268","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123519","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3043609","article-title":"Optical properties of ZnO and MgZnO nanocrystals below and at the phase separation range","volume":"104","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.159840","article-title":"Facile fabrication of MgZnO\/ZnO composites for high performance thin film transistor","volume":"873","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2025.112820","article-title":"Interband multilevel transitions in ZnO\/MgZnO asymmetric double quantum wells","volume":"598","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micrna.2023.207685","article-title":"Ternary mixed crystal effects on optical phonons in wurtzite ZnO quantum wells with asymmetric MgZnO barriers","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Micro Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14812","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR03711F","article-title":"Radial multi-quantum well ZnO nanorod array for nanoscale ultraviolet light-emitting diode","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b00592","article-title":"Highly Luminescent MgZnO\/ZnO Multiple Quantum Wells for Photonics Devices","volume":"2","author":"Zakria","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2017.11.017","article-title":"Ultraviolet emission from MgZnO films and ZnO\/MgZnO single quantum wells grown by pulsed laser deposition","volume":"483","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.168960","article-title":"Barrier thickness dependence of the built-in electric field in pseudomorphic ZnO\/Zn0.55Mg0.45O multi-quantum wells","volume":"941","author":"Belmoubarik","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063783423600061","article-title":"Mobility Characteristics of ZnMgO\/ZnO Heterostructures with Screening Effects","volume":"66","author":"Yarar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Solid State"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40042-023-00996-3","article-title":"Analysis of electrical performance of MgZnO\/ZnO high electron mobility transistor","volume":"84","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Korean Phys. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2025.116228","article-title":"Shape and size effects on electronic thermodynamics in nanoscopic quantum dots","volume":"170","author":"Morales","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physical E"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Corrales, J.A., Morales, A.L., and Duque, C.A. (2026). Nonextensive Statistics in Nanoscopic Quantum Dots. Nanomaterials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16020094"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2023.415291","article-title":"The impact of the laser field on the electronic properties of a hydrogen molecular ion in a Gaussian quantum dot","volume":"669","author":"Sari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2020.103692","article-title":"Intense-terahertz-laser modulated photoionization cross section of shallow-donor impurity in semiconductors in a magnetic field","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donado, F.A., Almanza, F.G., Vi\u00f1a, C.F., Vinasco, J.A., Sierra-Ortega, J., Escorcia-Salas, G.E., Hahn, R.V.H., Mora-Ramos, M.E., Mommadi, O., and El Moussaouy, A. (2025). Impact of Nonresonant Intense Laser and Electric Fields on a Low-Dimensional CdTe\/CdSe Type-II Cone. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.1200.v1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dagua-Conda, C.A., Gil-Corrales, J.A., Mora-Ramos, M.E., Morales, A.L., and Duque, C.A. (2025). Electronic Transport Properties in a One-Dimensional Sequence of Laser-Dressed Modified P\u00f6schl-Teller Potentials. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.0317.v1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micrna.2025.208284","article-title":"Dual peaks of optical absorption in MgZnO\/AlGaN core-shell nanowires","volume":"207","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Micro Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micrna.2022.207341","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear optical properties in wurtzite MgZnO\/ZnO double quantum wells: Roles of external electric and magnetic fields","volume":"169","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micro Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrzejewski, J., Pietrzyk, M.A., Jarosz, D., and Kozanecki, A. (2021). Optical Measurements and Theoretical Modelling of Excitons in Double ZnO\/ZnMgO Quantum Wells in an Internal Electric Field. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14237222"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atic, A., Wang, X., Vukovic, N., Stanojevic, N., Demic, A., Indjin, D., and Radovanovic, J. (2024). Resonant Tunnelling and Intersubband Optical Properties of ZnO\/ZnMgO Semiconductor Heterostructures: Impact of Doping and Layer Structure Variation. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040927"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01250-y","article-title":"Raman amplification at 2.2 \u03bcm in silicon core fibers with prospects for extended mid-infrared source generation","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20851","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c07508","article-title":"Surface Enhanced Nonlinear Raman Processes for Advanced Vibrational Probing","volume":"18","author":"Kneipp","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2017.12.032","article-title":"Electron Raman scattering in a strained ZnO\/MgZnO double quantum well","volume":"531","author":"Karimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physical B"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2025.130707","article-title":"Effect of electric field direction on electronic states and electron Raman scattering in ring-shaped semiconductor nanowires","volume":"554","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-019-3214-4","article-title":"Influence of conduction-band non-parabolicity on terahertz intersubband Raman gain in GaAs\/InGaAs step asymmetric quantum wells","volume":"126","author":"Tiutiunnyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1080\/01411594.2020.1843168","article-title":"Pressure-dependent nonlinear optical properties in a group III\u2013V\/II\u2013VI core\/shell quantum dot","volume":"93","author":"Elamathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phase Transit."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2022.113069","article-title":"Highly efficient photo-induced surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy from ZnO\/Au nanorods","volume":"134","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialsau.4c00002","article-title":"Sensitive, Stable, and Recyclable ZnO\/Ag Nanohybrid Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Metrology","volume":"4","author":"Samriti","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Au"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2018.01.010","article-title":"Quantum size and magnesium composition effects on the optical absorption in the MgxZn1\u2212xO\/ZnO quantum well","volume":"693","author":"Dakhlaoui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205322","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.86.205322","article-title":"Band offsets and polarization effects in wurtzite ZnO\/Mg0.25Zn0.75O superlattices from first principles","volume":"86","author":"Weston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11231","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp51156a","article-title":"Mg composition dependent band offsets of Zn1\u2212xMg:xO\/ZnO heterojunctions","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1088\/0268-1242\/21\/3\/L02","article-title":"Observation of blue shifts in ZnO\/ZnMgO multiple quantum well structures by ion-implantation induced intermixing","volume":"21","author":"Coleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semicond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041410","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.041410","article-title":"Observation of microwave induced resistance and photovoltage oscillations in MgZnO\/ZnO heterostructures","volume":"93","author":"Karcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Gil-Corrales, J.A. (2022). Electronic Properties in Heterostructures Under External Fields. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Antioquia]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2017.01.001","article-title":"Electron Raman scattering in a double quantum well tuned by an external nonresonant intense laser field","volume":"64","author":"Tiutiunnyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Corrales, J.A., Morales, A.L., and Duque, C.A. (2023). Self-Consistent Study of GaAs\/AlGaAs Quantum Wells with Modulated Doping. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13050913"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-7-605","article-title":"Well-width dependence of the emission linewidth in ZnO\/MgZnO quantum wells","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.15.000648","article-title":"Tunable intersubband Raman laser in GaAs\/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"COMSOL (2025). Multiphysics, COMSOL AB. version 6.1."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"COMSOL (2012). Multiphysics Reference Guide, COMSOL AB."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"COMSOL (2012). Multiphysics Users Guide, COMSOL AB."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.0c01641","article-title":"Terahertz Intersubband Electroluminescence from Nonpolar m-Plane ZnO Quantum Cascade Structures","volume":"8","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2008.09.134","article-title":"Intersubband optical transitions in ZnO-based quantum wells grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy","volume":"311","author":"Ohtani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395009","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/22\/39\/395009","article-title":"The surface-state-induced Stark effect in ZnO nanocrystals","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/4\/276\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:31:30Z","timestamp":1772011890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/4\/276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16040276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16040276","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]}}}