{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T20:17:26Z","timestamp":1784837846984,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver fibrosis is driven by persistent oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling, with transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) acting as a key profibrotic mediator. Rutin (Ru) is a plant-derived flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but its low bioavailability limits therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated whether rutin-phytoreduced gold nanoparticles (RuAuNPs) enhanced rutin delivery leading to antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis was induced by oral administration of thioacetamide (TAA, 150 mg\/kg body weight, p.o.) for six weeks. Following fibrosis induction, the animals were treated with free rutin (30 mg\/kg body weight), RuAuNPs (0.3 mg\/kg body weight), or AuNPs (0.3 mg\/kg body weight), both expressed as nanoparticle mass, all administered orally for four weeks. RuAuNPs were synthesized by green rutin-mediated reduction and further characterized by TEM, DLS, and FTIR spectroscopy; they were spherical, showing an average hydrodynamic size of 104.1 nm (PDI 0.345). FTIR confirmed rutin capping. Biological effects were evaluated by liver morphology (H&amp;E histology, TEM), biochemical assessment of liver aminotransferases and glico-lipidic status, ELISA and spectrophotometry measurement of redox biomarkers (lipid peroxidation, glutathione status, antioxidant enzymes), cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6), and TGF-\u03b2. TAA-induced hepatic injury and remodeling with increased profibrotic signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Free rutin slightly ameliorated the liver damage, whereas RuAuNP improved histological features, reduced TGF-\u03b2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased lipid peroxidation, and supported antioxidant defenses. Overall, RuAuNP may enhance rutin efficacy in TAA-induced liver fibrosis, with novelty stemming from the integrated in vivo evaluation of tissue changes and key profibrotic\/oxidative\/inflammatory pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16060379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1774267176000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Green-Synthesized Rutin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles Attenuate Experimental Liver Fibrosis by Targeting Oxidative Stress and TGF-\u03b2 Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Roxana Maria","family":"Decea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 1, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4046-7310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"Baldea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 1, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Adriana","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u015f Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3604-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luminita","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Advanced Chemical Analysis, Instrumentation and Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-6761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Advanced Chemical Analysis, Instrumentation and Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1141-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Clinicilor Str. No. 9, 400008 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Biological Research from Cluj-Napoca, Branch of NIRDBS Bucharest, Republicii Str. No. 48, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia-Andreea","family":"Moldoveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Research from Cluj-Napoca, Branch of NIRDBS Bucharest, Republicii Str. No. 48, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Babes-Bolyai University, Clinicilor Str. No. 5-7, 400008 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0684-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0046-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona Valeria","family":"Clichici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 1, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sharma, A., and Nagalli, S. (2023). 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