{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:37:57Z","timestamp":1793299077557,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","award":["TAEDR-0535821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TAEDR-0535821"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, three functionalized hybrid composites, CS\/PVA-VAN, CS\/PVA-VAN@TiO2 and CS\/GO\/PVA-VAN@TiO2, were synthesized and applied for adsorption evaluation on two common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e., diclofenac (DCF) and ketoprofen (KTP). The structural and morphological characteristics of new composites were identified via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET techniques. BET analysis demonstrated that the CS\/GO\/PVA-Van@TiO2 composite has a surface area 64.86 m2\/g, which is twice that of CS\/PVA-Van. Moreover, adsorption evaluation was achieved at an optimum pH condition (pH 5.0) for both drugs. In addition, the kinetic data fitted better in a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the adsorption was heterogeneous and multilayer. The adsorption capacity of CS\/GO\/PVA-VAN@TiO2 was found to be 114.53 mg\/g and 65.20 mg\/g for diclofenac and ketoprofen, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous for all pollutants. Moreover, the kinetic swelling and stability studies demonstrated that graphene oxide contributed to improving the structural compactness and stability of composite. Finally, the adsorption performance of the optimal composite material was investigated in a binary system of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in various ratios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16070414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:40:52Z","timestamp":1774878052000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fabrication of Chitosan\/Graphene Oxide\/PVA-Vanillin@TiO2 Composites for Anti-Inflammatory Drug Removal from Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9026-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia D.","family":"Meretoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-65404 Kavala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-4564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasia K.","family":"Tolkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-65404 Kavala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7010-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros G.","family":"Poulopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3183-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigini M.","family":"Papi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5743-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra A.","family":"Lambropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1516-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Z.","family":"Kyzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-65404 Kavala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2023.08.001","article-title":"Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Perioperative Period","volume":"23","author":"Halvey","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15512","article-title":"Prevalence of NSAID Use among People with COVID-19 and the Association with COVID-19-related Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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