{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:54:09Z","timestamp":1792457649657,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianshan Talent Fund of Xinjiang Province","award":["No. 2023TSYCJC0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023TSYCJC0065"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics are extensively used in intensive livestock farming for disease prevention, resulting in the discharge of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater into aquatic environments. Addressing this issue, electrocatalytic oxidation has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional chemical oxidation due to its cost-effectiveness and minimal secondary pollution. Central to this technology is the development of catalytic electrodes with high specific surface area and superior electrocatalytic activity. In this work, an Fe3O4-modified activated carbon fiber electrode (Fe3O4@ACF) was fabricated via a co-precipitation method. The Fe3O4@ACF electrode exhibited a hierarchical porous structure with a specific surface area of 940.2 m2\/g, and demonstrated significantly enhanced oxygen reduction reaction activity with a current density of 21.8 mA\u00b7cm\u22122 at \u20133.25 V vs. Ag\/AgCl, which is 2.3 times higher than that of pristine ACF. EIS analysis revealed a low charge transfer resistance of 7.18 \u03a9, indicating improved electron transfer kinetics. In electro-Fenton degradation of tetracycline, the electrode achieved 82% removal within 120 min with a first-order rate constant of 0.01335 min\u22121, and maintained over 94% of its initial activity after ten cycles. This study offers a viable and sustainable strategy for the efficient treatment of antibiotic-containing medical wastewater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16070431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:09:21Z","timestamp":1775038161000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preparation of Fe3O4@ACF Composite Catalytic Electrode and Study of Its Degradation of Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yani","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1943-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2008.16","article-title":"Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress","volume":"62","author":"Demain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2008.375-377","article-title":"Antibiotic residues\u2014A global health hazard","volume":"1","author":"Nisha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127946","article-title":"Critical review on adsorptive removal of antibiotics: Present situation, challenges and future perspective","volume":"425","author":"Mangla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012071","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2941\/1\/012071","article-title":"Synthesis of La2(WO4)3\/g-C3N4 and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline","volume":"2941","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.107867","article-title":"Synthesis of magnetic porous carbon composite derived from metal-organic framework using recovered terephthalic acid from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste bottles as organic ligand and its potential as adsorbent for antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride","volume":"187","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00590","article-title":"Bioavailability of soil-sorbed tetracycline to Escherichia coli under unsaturated conditions","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"12","article-title":"Unveiling the Dynamic Evolution of Single-Atom Co Sites in Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Enhanced H2O2 Photosynthesis","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2014.05.011","article-title":"Alkylphenol and alkylphenol polyethoxylates in water and wastewater: A review of options for their elimination","volume":"10","author":"Priac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132079.1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132079","article-title":"Insights into current physical, chemical and hybrid technologies used for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with pharmaceuticals","volume":"361","author":"Ghazal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109699","article-title":"Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in the synthetic oxytetracycline wastewater by UASB-A\/O(MBR) process","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.09.009","article-title":"Capturing of inorganic and organic pollutants simultaneously from complex wastewater using recyclable magnetically chitosan functionalized with EDTA adsorbent","volume":"167","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118447","article-title":"Multifunctional \u03b2-Cyclodextrin-EDTA-Chitosan polymer adsorbent synthesis for simultaneous removal of heavy metals and organic dyes from wastewater","volume":"292","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119130","article-title":"Simultaneous capturing of mixed contaminants from wastewater using novel one-pot chitosan functionalized with EDTA and graphene oxide adsorbent","volume":"304","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.102989","article-title":"One-step functionalization of chitosan using EDTA: Kinetics and isotherms modeling for multiple heavy metals adsorption and their mechanism","volume":"49","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132385","article-title":"Synthesis of EDTA-functionalized graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposite for simultaneous removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from complex wastewater","volume":"287","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2020.100678","article-title":"Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: Advances in formation and detection of reactive species and mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Ganiyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.12.057","article-title":"A review of the existing and emerging technologies in the combination of AOPs and biological processes in industrial textile wastewater treatment","volume":"376","author":"Ledakowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SU00112A","article-title":"Critical assessment of advanced oxidation processes and bio-electrochemical integrated systems for removing emerging contaminants from wastewater","volume":"1","author":"Bashir","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.01.019","article-title":"Degradation of acidic aqueous solutions of the diazo dye Congo Red by photo-assisted electrochemical processes based on Fenton\u2019s reaction chemistry","volume":"168","author":"Solano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.01.188","article-title":"Membrane technology coupled with electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for organic wastewater treatment: Recent advances and future prospects","volume":"376","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.03.215","article-title":"In suit synthesis of Fe3O4 on carbon fiber paper@ polyaniline substrate as novel self-supported electrode for heterogeneous electro-Fenton oxidation","volume":"308","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.08.324","article-title":"Direct-writing of three-dimensional porous Fe3N\/FeS electrode for efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water through Electro-Fenton process","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.180","article-title":"A review on Fenton process for organic wastewater treatment based on optimization perspective","volume":"670","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129657","article-title":"Efficient electrochemical hydrogen peroxide generation using TiO2\/rGO catalyst and its application in electro-Fenton degradation of methyl orange","volume":"651","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105987","article-title":"The effect of oxy gen-containing functional groups on formaldehyde adsorption in solution on carbon surface: A density functional the ory study","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.133861","article-title":"Degradation mechanism of methylene blue by heterogenous electro-Fenton with CeO2\/rGO composite cathode","volume":"690","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.134768","article-title":"Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) degradation performance of an air-lift moving bed electro-Fenton reactor: Homogeneous and heterogeneous phases","volume":"378","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.06.097","article-title":"Synthesis of polymer nanogels by electro-Fenton process: Investigation of the effect of main operation parameters","volume":"246","author":"Lanzalaco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105623","article-title":"Sustainable self- powered electro-Fenton degradation using N, S co-doped porous carbon catalyst fabricated with adsorption-pyrolysis-doping strategy","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00277-2","article-title":"Treatment of dyeing wastewater with ACF electrodes. Financially supported by The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Chinese Academic of Sciences","volume":"33","author":"Jia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2004.05.006","article-title":"Electrochemical destruction of chlorophenoxy herbicides by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton using a boron-doped diamond electrode","volume":"49","author":"Brillas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120336","article-title":"Highly efficient heterogeneous electro-Fenton reaction for tetracycline degradation by Fe\u2013Ni LDH@ZIF-67 modified carbon cloth cathode: Mechanism and toxicity assessment","volume":"354","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.160710","article-title":"A MOF-derived Fe3O4\/FeO\/Fe3C-2-600 dual-cathode electro-Fenton system construction: Revealing the mechanism for active centers linked by Fe0 as an electronic transfer station for enhancing Fenton reaction","volume":"507","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127666","article-title":"Cu\/CuFe2O4 integrated graphite felt as a stable bifunctional cathode for high-performance heterogeneous electro-Fenton oxidation","volume":"420","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104003","article-title":"Electro-Fenton oxidation of printing and dyeing wastewater with CO2 activated CuFeC and CuMnC aerogel cathode","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.07.084","article-title":"Three-dimensional electro-Fenton degradation of Rhodamine B with efficient Fe-Cu\/kaolin particle electrodes: Electrodes optimization, kinetics, influencing factors and mechanism","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122970","article-title":"Efficient degradation of tetracycline by heterogeneous electro-Fenton process using Cu-doped Fe@Fe2O3: Mechanism and degradation pathway","volume":"382","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21002-6","article-title":"Efficient degradation of semi-coking wastewater in three-dimensional electro-Fenton by CuFe2O4 heterocatalyst","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00265","article-title":"Continuous bulk FeCuC aerogel with ultradispersed metal nanoparticles: An efficient 3D heterogeneous electro-fenton cathode over a wide range of pH 3\u20139","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4783","article-title":"Hydrogen evolution by a metal-free electrocatalyst","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13934","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201409080","article-title":"Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanoribbons: Graphene-Assisted Formation and Synergic Function for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1021\/am404536w","article-title":"Three-dimensional porous supramolecular architecture from ultrathin g-C(3)N(4) nanosheets and reduced graphene oxide: Solution self-assembly construction and application as a highly efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"100003","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride-based electrocatalysts for energy applications","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Catal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.08.001","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Cu-based nanoparticles synthesized on the cotton fabrics modified with polycarboxylic acids","volume":"200","author":"Deeks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2007.09.063","article-title":"Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in oxide materials","volume":"254","author":"Yamashita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102610","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA17606A","article-title":"Facile solvothermal synthesis of Ag\/Fe3O4 nanocomposites and their SERS applications in on-line monitoring of pesticide contaminated water","volume":"5","author":"Shan","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20466","article-title":"Cu2O\/Fe3O4\/UiO-66 nanocomposite as an efficient fenton-like catalyst: Performance in organic pollutant degradation and influencing factors based machine learning","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125982","article-title":"Fe@Fe2O3\/etched carbon felt as a cathode for efficient bisphenol a removal in a flow-through electro-Fenton system: Electron transfer pathway and underlying mechanism","volume":"334","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.106331","article-title":"Performance evaluation of Fe3O4@ACF-supported bio-electro Fenton system for simultaneous sewage treatment and methyl orange degradation","volume":"35","author":"Berhe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2011.05.042","article-title":"Oxidative degradation of azo dye by hydrogen peroxide electrogenerated in situ on anthraquinonemonosulphonate\/polypyrrole composite cathode with heterogeneous CuO\/\u03b3-Al2O3 catalyst","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.01.065","article-title":"Optimization of continuous reactor at pilot scale for olive-oil mill wastewater treatment by Fenton-like process","volume":"220","author":"Hodaifa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-020-00051-5","article-title":"Heterogeneous fenton oxidation of methylene blue with Fe-impregnated biochar catalyst","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.06.026","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of Fe(II) and Mn(II) from acid mine wastewater by electro-Fenton process","volume":"143","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108287","article-title":"Treatment of membrane concentrated landfill leachate by a heterogeneous electro-Fenton process with an iron-loaded needle coke cathode","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.118336","article-title":"Novel up-conversion carbon quantum dots\/\u03b1-FeOOH nanohybrids eliminate tetracycline and its related drug resistance in visible-light responsive Fenton system","volume":"263","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B: Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17886","DOI":"10.1021\/jp047349j","article-title":"Origin of the overpotential for oxygen reduction at a fuel-cell cathode","volume":"108","author":"Rossmeisl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8422","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)11057-1","article-title":"Electrochemical Degradation of Tetracycline on BDD in Aqueous Solutions","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121111","article-title":"Degradation of tetracycline under a wide pH range in a heterogeneous photo bio-electro-fenton system using FeMn-LDH\/g-C3N4 cathode: Performance and mechanism","volume":"360","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-017-1125-7","article-title":"Removal of tetracycline by electrochemical oxidation using a Ti\/SnO2\u2013Sb anode: Characterization, kinetics, and degradation pathway","volume":"47","author":"Zhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104208","article-title":"Electrochemical activation of peroxydisulfate using an IrO2 electrode for the efficient degradation of acid orange 74: Mechanisms of different activation methods","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154325","article-title":"Electrochemical Degradation of Tetracycline Using a Ti\/Ta2O5-IrO2 Anode: Performance, Kinetics, and Degradation Mechanism","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/7\/431\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:16:53Z","timestamp":1775276213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/7\/431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16070431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16070431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}}}