{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:45:47Z","timestamp":1792467947645,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cDevelopment and improvement of waterflooding and EOR methods at the Western Tuzkol field (within contract territory NO. 4671)\u201d","award":["0126PKH0067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0126PKH0067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy oil and extra-heavy oil represent mobility-limited petroleum resources because supramolecular associations of asphaltenes and resins, together with strong interfacial resistance, generate extremely high apparent viscosity. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for viscosity management and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This review critically examines recent advances in nano-assisted viscosity reduction from a reservoir-operational perspective and organizes the literature into two field-relevant categories: metal-based and non-metal nano-systems. Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) mainly promote catalytic aquathermolysis and related bond-cleavage and hydrogen-transfer reactions under hydrothermal conditions, enabling partial upgrading and persistent viscosity reduction during thermal recovery. In contrast, non-metal nano-systems\u2014particularly silica- and graphene-oxide-derived materials\u2014primarily operate through interfacial and structural regulation mechanisms at low or moderate temperatures. These effects include wettability alteration, interfacial-film stabilization, modification of asphaltene aggregation behavior, and the formation of dispersed-flow regimes such as Pickering-type emulsions that reduce apparent flow resistance in multiphase systems. Beyond summarizing nanomaterial types, this review emphasizes reservoir-scale considerations governing field applicability, including brine stability, NPs transport and retention in porous media, and formulation compatibility. Comparative analysis highlights the distinct operational windows of thermal catalytic nano-systems and cold-production nano-systems, providing a reservoir-oriented framework for designing nano-assisted viscosity-reduction technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16080452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T12:01:52Z","timestamp":1775822512000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Review of Nanomaterials in Heavy-Oil Viscosity Reduction: The Transition from Thermal Recovery to Cold Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9245-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Petroleum Industry, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3264-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borui","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Petroleum Industry, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Key Laboratory of Testing and Quality Control for Petroleum Products, State Administration for Market Regulation, Shenyang 110032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8145-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bauyrzhan","family":"Sarsenbekuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Petroleum Industry, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5196-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanli","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Petroleum Industry, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2076-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Petroleum Industry, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Ningbo Fengcheng Advanced Energy Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Fengcheng Advanced Energy Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4284-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarsenbek","family":"Turtabayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Science, Zhanibekov University, Shymkent 160012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamilyam","family":"Ismailova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Petroleum Industry, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayazhan","family":"Beisenbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Petroleum Industry, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2025). 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