{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:28:14Z","timestamp":1790440094239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2025 GXNSFAA069543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025 GXNSFAA069543"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2025GXNSFAA069357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GXNSFAA069357"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52472153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52472153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52472153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52472153"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA1201603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1201603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2021YFA1201603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1201603"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0031khd05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A self-powered graphene-enhanced hydrogel sensor (SGHS) with high contact-pressure sensitivity and mechanical robustness was developed for precise dynamic biomechanical and material contact sensing. The device generates transient electrical signals via contact electrification and electrostatic induction during contact\u2013separation events, eliminating the need for any external power supply. The optimized SGHS achieves a maximum peak power density of 0.23 mW\u00b7m\u22122, with contact-pressure sensitivities of 0.6 kPa\u22121 and 0.26 kPa\u22121 in the pressure ranges of 0.25\u20135 kPa and 5\u201325 kPa, respectively, which is competitive with or exceeds that of other externally powered and self-powered flexible dynamic stress sensors in the low-pressure range. Comprehensive analyses reveal that the pressure response originates from the enhanced piezodielectric effect in the graphene hydrogel layer under compression. The SGHS exhibits excellent mechanical durability, maintaining stable output after 10,000 loading\u2013unloading cycles. Moreover, the pulse intensity, width, and waveform of its self-generated output provide distinctive features for identifying the type and surface characteristics of contacting objects. These results highlight SGHS as a promising candidate for next-generation intelligent, self-powered, and flexible dynamic sensing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16080453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T13:58:22Z","timestamp":1775829502000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Self-Powered and Highly Sensitive Flexible Contact-Pressure Sensor for Dynamic Sensing Based on Graphene-Enhanced Hydrogel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Detection Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Detection Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6366-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyu","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Detection Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Detection Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Detection Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0593-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Detection Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7789","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3039359","article-title":"Empowering things with intelligence: A survey of the progress, challenges, and opportunities in artificial intelligence of things","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2022.101085","article-title":"EEG sensor system development consisting of solid polyvinyl alcohol-glycerol-NaCl contact gel and 3D-printed, silver-coated polylactic acid electrode for potential brain\u2013computer interface use","volume":"26","author":"Jakab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. 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