{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:47:03Z","timestamp":1788551223221,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009051","name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FONDECYT Postdoctorado 2022 ANID, 3220373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT Postdoctorado 2022 ANID, 3220373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FONDECYT Postdoctorado 2022 ANID, 3220373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT Postdoctorado 2022 ANID, 3220373"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zbepj77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The multilayers of Ta\/Pd\/[CoFeB (0.3 nm)\/Pd]\u00d75\/Pd films were fabricated by ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) magnetron sputtering and subsequently annealed at temperatures (TA) ranging from 100 \u00b0C to 400 \u00b0C. The magnetic measurements were performed with the applied field oriented parallel and perpendicular to the film plane to evaluate the out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy (PMA). A maximum effective PMA energy density (Keff) of \u22487.82 \u00d7 105 erg\/cc and a small out-of-plane saturation magnetisation (Ms\u22a5) were achieved at the optimal TA. The evolution of PMA is associated with interfacial atomic migration and oxidation processes, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Annealing at 300 \u00b0C initiates the formation of TaB and TaOB interfacial phases, whereas annealing at 400 \u00b0C promotes the enhanced growth of Ta2O5 and TaB, along with additional TaOB formation owing to increased oxygen migration. These thermally stable Ta\u2013boride phases lead to pronounced modifications in the magnetic properties. Consequently, oxygen migration and interfacial reactions at elevated temperatures primarily alter the chemical states of the B 1s, Pd 3d, and Ta 4f orbitals, thereby influencing the PMA. The field-dependent electrical resistance (MR) study demonstrates that annealing at 100\u2013400 \u00b0C optimises the anisotropic effect in the [CoFeB\/Pd]\u00d75-based multilayers. However, higher temperatures can trigger atomic intermixing, which degrades PMA strength and the resistance response. Moreover, the samples were further characterised by their structural, anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and magnetoresonance (MRO) properties. Overall, controlled TA-driven oxygen diffusion and interfacial oxidation enable effective tuning of the PMA, MR, and MRO properties of ultrathin [CoFeB\/Pd]\u00d75 multilayers, highlighting their strong potential for spin\u2013orbit torque (SOT), Dzyaloshinskii\u2013Moriya interaction (DMI), and magnetic skyrmion-based spintronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16090558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1777630527000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Annealing on Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy and Interfacial Diffusion in Ultrathin [CoFeB\/Pd]\u00d7n Multilayer Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2073-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmanan","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad 500005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murugesan Praveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, J. J. College of Engineering and Technology, Trichy 620009, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayyanuservai","family":"Ravikumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govindhasamy","family":"Murugadoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Energy Research, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de F\u00edsica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smiljan","family":"Vojkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de F\u00edsica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delhibabu","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad 500005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2288-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaik Gouse","family":"Peera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Science Research Institute, College of Natural Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2804","article-title":"A perpendicular-anisotropy CoFeB\u2013MgO magnetic tunnel junction","volume":"9","author":"Ikeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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