{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:17:32Z","timestamp":1785403052832,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["517723786 (HA 2372\/15-1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["517723786 (HA 2372\/15-1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["517723786 (HA 2372\/15-1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["517723786 (HA 2372\/15-1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transition metal copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for humans and serves as a cofactor for numerous enzymes. Therefore, intracellular Cu homeostasis must be tightly regulated. Meanwhile, Cu is increasingly used in industrial and biomedical applications, particularly in nanoparticle (NP) form. However, studies have demonstrated that Cu(II) oxide (CuO) NPs are highly toxic. Therefore, understanding the underlying toxic effects of such compounds is of the utmost importance. In this context, transcriptomic profiling is regarded as a valuable tool. Nevertheless, comparative studies addressing organ-relevant models, such as the liver and lungs, are scarce. Furthermore, no transcriptomic studies have been conducted on human bronchial lung epithelial cells exposed to CuO NPs and Cu2+. In this study, we compared the cellular effects of human bronchial lung epithelial cells exposed to both CuO NPs and Cu2+ to the effects in human liver cells exposed to Cu2+ by applying RNA sequencing. Although cytotoxicity was comparable, we showed that Cu uptake was highly dependent on both the cell type and the form of Cu. The most pronounced concentration-dependent transcriptional changes were observed with CuO NP exposure in BEAS-2B cells. The only differentially expressed genes (DEGs) found by all exposures and treatments were metallothioneins (MTs). The most sensitive targets of Cu-induced toxicity were related to nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Furthermore, the effects observed at the transcriptome level were studied at the functional level, such as cell cycle regulation and cytokine release. Thus, we demonstrated that the two cell types differ in susceptibility, and that complementing transcriptome profiling with functional studies provides important mechanistic insights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16100590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:45:34Z","timestamp":1779291934000},"page":"590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic Profiling of Toxic Copper Overload Induced by CuO Nanoparticles or Copper Ions in Human Lung Epithelial and Liver Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4840-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anda R.","family":"Gliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheyenne Ines","family":"Aissouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Glowacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Parsdorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4613-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna Lovisa","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Universitet, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Hartwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02412-2","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases","volume":"472","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch.\u2014Eur. 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