{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:38Z","timestamp":1785421658605,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cInvestigating the functional activity of leucocytes and tumor cell lines during chronic infections and in response to chemical and biological compounds\u201d","award":["124021900006-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124021900006-5"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24-15-00432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-15-00432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["24-15-00432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-15-00432"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in immune tolerance and are promising targets for treating immune-mediated diseases. This study investigated the direct effects of PEGylated graphene oxide nanoparticles (LP-GO, BP-GO at 5\u201325 \u03bcg\/mL) and fullerenol C60(OH)24 (25\u2013200 \u03bcg\/mL) on human Treg viability and differentiation in vitro. Tregs were induced from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells using IL-2, TGF-\u03b2, and CD2\/CD3\/CD28 activation beads for 72 h with nanoparticles. Assessments included viability, apoptosis (Zombie aqua\/Annexin V), phenotype (CD45+CD4+CD25+CD127dim\/\u2212FOXP3+), nanoparticle sorption (intrinsic fluorescence), and IL-10 production. Neither PEGylated graphene oxide nor fullerenol C60(OH)24 affected T-helper (CD4+) viability (95.35\u201396.15%) nor early\/late apoptosis levels. Despite this, we found a decrease in the percentage of CD4+ cells in cultures exposed to 50\u2013200 \u03bcg\/mL of fullerenol C60(OH)24. The percentage and absolute number of Treg cells decreased with 100\u2013200 \u03bcg\/mL of fullerenol, while IL-10 levels declined following treatment with 200 \u03bcg\/mL of the same nanoparticles. Graphene oxide nanoparticles showed virtually no localization within or on cells. However, T helper and Treg cells demonstrated concentration-dependent sorption of fullerenol C60(OH)24 at concentrations of 100\u2013200 \u03bcg\/mL without a reduction in viability. These findings demonstrate good in vitro biocompatibility of the nanoparticles at pharmacological concentrations up to 25 \u03bcg\/mL, alongside the inhibition of Treg differentiation with 100\u2013200 \u03bcg\/mL of fullerenol C60(OH)24.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16110667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T08:16:08Z","timestamp":1779783368000},"page":"667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Study of the Direct Effect of Pegylated Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Fullerenol C60(OH)24 on the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6474-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Zamorina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva St., 13, Perm 614081, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva St., 15, Perm 614990, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0436-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darya","family":"Usanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva St., 13, Perm 614081, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva St., 15, Perm 614990, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3879-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kseniya","family":"Devyatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva St., 15, Perm 614990, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-6224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bochkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva St., 13, Perm 614081, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva St., 15, Perm 614990, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Nikitina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva St., 13, Perm 614081, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva St., 15, Perm 614990, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6882-4928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Rayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva St., 13, Perm 614081, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva St., 15, Perm 614990, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Timganova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva St., 13, Perm 614081, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2343","article-title":"How Regulatory T Cells Work","volume":"8","author":"Vignali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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