{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:22:53Z","timestamp":1785410573143,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB039044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB039044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01EB039044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB039044"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00372qc85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adoptive cell therapies, and more specifically, regulatory T cell (Treg) therapies, have shown significant therapeutic promise across multiple immune-mediated diseases including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), solid organ transplant (SOT) rejection, and autoimmune diseases. One key challenge is the lack of insight into the biodistribution and fate of adoptively transferred T cells and Tregs in living organisms. These uncertainties delay progress on establishing optimal dosage(s), infusion timing and route, as well as investigations into off-target effects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cell tracking is particularly beneficial in this setting because it enables real-time, deep-tissue coverage without ionizing radiation. In this review, we compare existing MRI T cell tracking strategies using iron oxide particles and fluorinated agents. We describe preclinical and clinical applications of MRI for cell therapy tracking and provide a perspective on the potential impact on the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16110691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1780479194000},"page":"691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mapping Therapeutic Regulatory T Cell Fate with MRI: Current Strategies and Translational Outlook"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7977-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Ping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7926-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5120-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob Joel","family":"Hoenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanny","family":"Chapelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hefazi, M., Bolivar-Wagers, S., and Blazar, B.R. 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