{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:36:15Z","timestamp":1785429375959,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K26736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K26736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K22275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K22275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25H01671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25H01671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26H02283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26H02283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["23K26736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K26736"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25K22275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K22275"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25H01671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25H01671"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["26H02283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26H02283"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFR223I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR223I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JPMJFR223I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR223I"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00097mb19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004050","name":"Kato Foundation for Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01p7hf548","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010795","name":"Tokyo Ohka Foundation for The Promotion of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a7m8962","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-dimensional (0D\/1D\/2D) nanomaterials exhibit unique physical and chemical properties different from general bulk materials due to enhanced surface and interface contributions and quantum confinement effects, which strongly modulate electronic structures. Boron, with atomic number 5, can form multicenter bonds and enables the construction of structurally diverse nanomaterials across different dimensionalities. In this review, boron-based low-dimensional materials are systematically organized from 0D clusters to 1D nanostructures and 2D sheets, and their optical and electrical properties are discussed in relation to structural factors such as dimensionality. This review provides an integrated perspective on how dimensional expansion and structural design govern the optical and electrical properties of boron-based nanomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16120723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:56:31Z","timestamp":1781675791000},"page":"723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical and Electrical Properties of Boron-Based Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jumpei","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Kambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan"},{"name":"Tsukuba Institute for Advanced Research (TIAR), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5251.933","article-title":"Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots","volume":"271","author":"Alivisatos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200390087","article-title":"One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"15","author":"Xia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.193","article-title":"Electronics and Optoelectronics of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-018-0074-2","article-title":"Exciton Physics and Device Application of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Semiconductors","volume":"2","author":"Mueller","year":"2018","journal-title":"npj 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4452","article-title":"Electrical Contacts to Two-Dimensional Semiconductors","volume":"14","author":"Allain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29001-4","article-title":"2D Materials for Future Heterogeneous Electronics","volume":"13","author":"Lemme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1021\/cr000442t","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Aromaticity in Polyhedral Boranes and Related Molecules","volume":"101","author":"King","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1021\/ar400310g","article-title":"Understanding Boron through Size-Selected Clusters: Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Fluxionality","volume":"47","author":"Sergeeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1999","article-title":"Observation of an All-Boron Fullerene","volume":"6","author":"Zhai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1021\/ja017817s","article-title":"Crystalline Boron Nanowires","volume":"124","author":"Otten","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1080","article-title":"Synthesis of Borophenes: Anisotropic, Two-Dimensional Boron Polymorphs","volume":"350","author":"Mannix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01529a077","article-title":"The Reactions of Bis-Acetonitrile Decaborane with Amines","volume":"81","author":"Hawthorne","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01497a069","article-title":"The Isolation of the Icosahedral B12H122\u2212 Ion","volume":"82","author":"Pitochelli","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50045a027","article-title":"Chemistry of Boranes. XXVII. New Polyhedral Borane Anions, B9H92\u2212 and B11H112\u2212","volume":"5","author":"Klanberg","year":"1966","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50053a001","article-title":"Chemistry of Boranes. XXVIII. New Polyhedral Borane Anions, B8H82\u2212, B8H8\u2212, and B7H72\u2212","volume":"6","author":"Klanberg","year":"1967","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1021\/ic102434t","article-title":"Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the closo-Borates M2[B7H7] and M[B7H8] (M = PPh4, PNP, and N(n-Bu4)): The Missing Crystal Structure in the Series [BnHn]2\u2212 (n = 6\u221212)","volume":"50","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1021\/ja012681j","article-title":"Gas-Phase Stability of Derivatives of the closo-Hexaborate Dianion B6H62\u2212","volume":"124","author":"Zint","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50178a001","article-title":"Closo Boron Hydrides with 13 to 24 Boron Atoms","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"1977","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36755","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA06811E","article-title":"Deciphering chemical bonding in BnHn2\u2212 (n = 2\u201317): Flexible multicenter bonding","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2004.05.039","article-title":"Is o-Carborane Photoluminescent?","volume":"357","author":"Kunkely","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2005.06.031","article-title":"Luminescence of Silver 7,8,9,10,11,12-Hexabromo-Closo-1-Carbododecaborate","volume":"8","author":"Kunkely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201109069","article-title":"Carborane Photochemistry Triggered by Aryl Substitution: Carborane-Based Dyads with Phenyl Carbazoles","volume":"51","author":"Wee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47384-4","article-title":"Optically Induced Charge-Transfer in Donor-Acceptor-Substituted p- and m-C2B10H12 Carboranes","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21735","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202521735","article-title":"Achieving Charge-Transfer from the Boron-Vertices of o-Carborane: Dual-Emission with a Shift of 505 nm (2.1 eV)","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9466","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC03248H","article-title":"Carborane Photochromism: A Fatigue Resistant Carborane Switch","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7171","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201603232","article-title":"Aggregation-Induced Delayed Fluorescence Based on Donor\/Acceptor-Tethered Janus Carborane Triads: Unique Photophysical Properties of Nondoped OLEDs","volume":"55","author":"Furue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201202475","article-title":"Quantum-Chemical and Electrochemical Investigation of the Electrochemical Windows of Halogenated Carborate Anions","volume":"19","author":"Bolli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30204","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c09007","article-title":"A Carborane-Derived Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reagent","volume":"146","author":"Adillon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8632","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc12912k","article-title":"o-Carborane as an Electron-Transfer Mediator in Electrocatalytic Reduction","volume":"47","author":"Hosoi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02902","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202502902","article-title":"A Redox-Tunable Carborane Crown: Toward Highly Selective Electrochemical Lithium Capture","volume":"31","author":"Heinrich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38760","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c14816","article-title":"Self-Assembled o-Carborane Clusters Enabling Ambient\/Electrochemical Dual-Stable Interphases for Dendrite-Free and High-Rate Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11287","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11287","article-title":"Dynamical Behavior of Borospherene: A Nanobubble","volume":"5","author":"Cabellos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166804","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.98.166804","article-title":"B80 Fullerene: An Ab Initio Prediction of Geometry, Stability, and Electronic Structure","volume":"98","author":"Sadrzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11692","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR01846J","article-title":"B38: An All-Boron Fullerene Analogue","volume":"6","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9969","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1018873","article-title":"B80 and Other Medium-Sized Boron Clusters: Core\u2212Shell Structures, Not Hollow Cages","volume":"114","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1039\/c002954h","article-title":"Icosahedral B12-Containing Core\u2013Shell Structures of B80","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13679","DOI":"10.1021\/jp807406x","article-title":"The Boron Buckyball and Its Precursors: An Electronic Structure Study","volume":"112","author":"Sadrzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2016.05.014","article-title":"M@B40 Serving as a Potential Promising Novel NLO Nanomaterial","volume":"654","author":"Shakerzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, P., and Chattaraj, P.K. (2021). Comparison Between Electride Characteristics of Li3@B40 and Li3@C60. Front. Chem., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.638581"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506262c","article-title":"Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of an Axially Chiral Borospherene","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2020.105437","article-title":"Theoretical Investigation of Halides Encapsulated Na@B40 Nanocages for Potential Applications as Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries","volume":"121","author":"Kosar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12024","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP01096B","article-title":"Electronic Transport Properties of the First All-Boron Fullerene B40 and Its Metallofullerene Sr@B40","volume":"18","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2006.07.032","article-title":"Crystalline Boron Nanowires Grown by Magnetron Sputtering","volume":"434","author":"Yunpeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1039\/b207449d","article-title":"Synthesis of Crystalline Boron Nanowires by Laser Ablation","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1021\/nl052138r","article-title":"Self-Assembled Boron Nanowire Y-Junctions","volume":"6","author":"Yun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, C., Lv, Z., Lv, S., Sai, L., Wang, S., and Li, F. (2021). Theoretical Design of Novel Boron-Based Nanowires via Inverse Sandwich Clusters. Front. Chem., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.753617"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200813","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202200813","article-title":"Theoretical Study on Zigzag Boron Nitride Nanowires","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704135","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201704135","article-title":"Tetragonal Single-Crystalline Boron Nanowires with Strong Anisotropic Light Scattering Behaviors and Photocurrent Response in Visible-Light Regime","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5023328","article-title":"Single Crystalline SmB6 Nanowires for Self-Powered, Broadband Photodetectors Covering Mid-Infrared","volume":"112","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.03.048","article-title":"Local Field Emission of Electrons from an Individual Boron Nanowire at Nanometer Electrode Separation","volume":"258","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2008.12.010","article-title":"Fabrication and Field Emission Properties of Boron Nanowire Bundles","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2976668","article-title":"Boron Nanowires for Flexible Electronics","volume":"93","author":"Tian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200800137","article-title":"Fabrication of Vertically Aligned Single-Crystalline Boron Nanowire Arrays and Investigation of Their Field-Emission Behavior","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtener.2018.08.001","article-title":"LaB6 Nanowires for Supercapacitors","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703117","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201703117","article-title":"Boron Element Nanowires Electrode for Supercapacitors","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i1997-00388-9","article-title":"Nanotubules of Bare Boron Clusters: Ab Initio and Density Functional Study","volume":"39","author":"Boustani","year":"1997","journal-title":"EPL"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1021\/ic980559o","article-title":"Proposed Boron Nanotubes","volume":"37","author":"Lipscomb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1021\/jp049301b","article-title":"Synthesis of Pure Boron Single-Wall Nanotubes","volume":"108","author":"Ciuparu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073514","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4819230","article-title":"Optical Properties of Hexagonal Boron Nanotubes by First-Principles Calculations","volume":"114","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2011.05.024","article-title":"Electronic and Optical Properties of Ultrathin Single Walled Boron Nanotubes\u2014An Ab Initio Study","volume":"50","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1063\/1.477976","article-title":"New Boron Based Nanostructured Materials","volume":"110","author":"Boustani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5499.2126","article-title":"Ultrahigh-Density Nanowire Arrays Grown in Self-Assembled Diblock Copolymer Templates","volume":"290","author":"Schotter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201099a","article-title":"Highly Conductive Boron Nanotubes: Transport Properties, Work Functions, and Structural Stabilities","volume":"5","author":"Bezugly","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1039\/b919260c","article-title":"Metal-like Single Crystalline Boron Nanotubes: Synthesis and in Situ Study on Electric Transport and Field Emission Properties","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2491","article-title":"Experimental Realization of Borophene","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7443","DOI":"10.1021\/nn302696v","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Boron Monolayer Sheets","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1021\/nl3004754","article-title":"Polymorphism of Two-Dimensional Boron","volume":"12","author":"Penev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.112.085502","article-title":"Semimetallic Two-Dimensional Boron Allotrope with Massless Dirac Fermions","volume":"112","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TC00115G","article-title":"The Electronic, Optical, and Thermodynamic Properties of Borophene from First-Principles Calculations","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, K., Li, J., Zhang, H., Jiang, H., and Zhao, W. (2023). Dynamically Adjusting Borophene-Based Plasmon-Induced Transparency in a Polymer-Separated Hybrid System for Broadband-Tunable Sensing. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15143060"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.155668","article-title":"Borophene-Based Mixed-Dimensional van der Waals Heterojunctions for High-Performance Self-Powered Photodetector","volume":"611","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23942","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP03736H","article-title":"Anisotropic Carrier Mobility in Two-Dimensional Materials with Tilted Dirac Cones: Theory and Application","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg1874","article-title":"Synthesis of Borophane Polymorphs through Hydrogenation of Borophene","volume":"371","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014012","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.6.014012","article-title":"Transition from Metal to Semiconductor by Semi-Hydrogenation of Borophene","volume":"6","author":"Mohebpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-024-01523-x","article-title":"Strain-Tunable Dirac Semimetal Phase Transition and Emergent Superconductivity in a Borophane","volume":"7","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47746","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA05704K","article-title":"Band Structure Engineering of Borophane by First Principles Calculations","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12984","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b06110","article-title":"Solution Phase Mass Synthesis of 2D Atomic Layer with Hexagonal Boron Network","volume":"141","author":"Kambe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28625-w","article-title":"Liquid Crystalline 2D Borophene Oxide for Inorganic Optical Devices","volume":"13","author":"Kambe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55307-6","article-title":"Capacitance Enhancement by Ion-Laminated Borophene-like Layered Materials","volume":"16","author":"Kambe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13182","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202513182","article-title":"Metalloborophenes: Structural Diversity and Emerging Properties of Metal\u2013Boron Two-Dimensional Frameworks","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-V\u00e1zquez, E.F., Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez, Y.M., Solorza-Feria, O., and Cigarroa-Mayorga, O.E. (2025). Borophene: Synthesis, Properties and Experimental H2 Evolution Potential Applications. Crystals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst15090753"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/12\/723\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:17:47Z","timestamp":1781842667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/12\/723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16120723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16120723","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}