{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:00:20Z","timestamp":1791644420160,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Program","award":["101109357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101109357"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiation therapy is widely used for cancer treatment. To improve therapeutic efficacy, traditional radiosensitizers are often used in combination. However, their toxic side effects necessitate urgent development of safer alternative biogenic radiosensitizers. Herein, a green approach was used to synthesise ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO-CuO NCs using S. africana Luteus, and their ability to enhance the radiosensitizing effect of proton irradiation on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF7) breast cancer cell line was evaluated. The biogenic nanoparticles are characterised in detail through several analytical techniques, including Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Interestingly, the NPs showed concentration-dependent effects on MCF7 viability, with CuO NPs exhibiting the strongest effect (IC50 = 42.90 \u00b5g\/mL), followed by ZnO-CuO NCs (71.12 \u00b5g\/mL) and ZnO NPs (103.43 \u00b5g\/mL). Proton irradiation produced a dose-dependent decrease in clonogenic survival of MCF7 cells, and ZnO-CuO NCs displayed the highest enhancement of proton-induced cell death, with a Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF) of 1.69, compared with CuO NPs (1.46) and ZnO NPs (1.09). Holotomographic microscopy (HTM) data further confirmed that ZnO-CuO NCs impaired cellular macromolecules more than the individual NPs. Findings from this study suggest that the biogenic NPs are promising radiosensitizers for cancer radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16130789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1782453131000},"page":"789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biogenic ZnO-CuO Nanocomposites Synthesised Using Salvia africana Luteus Increased the Radiosensitising Effect of Proton Irradiation in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7211-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunle","family":"Okaiyeto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Klebowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1705-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susi","family":"Zara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-4673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rosa","family":"Gigliobianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7657-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piera","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2025.100210","article-title":"Understanding drug resistance in breast cancer: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"26","author":"Gautam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. 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