{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:48:47Z","timestamp":1782820127825,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe framework programme","award":["101138460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101138460"]}]},{"name":"FCT Project","award":["UID\/04028\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04028\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review evaluates the application of green-synthesized nanoparticles for the removal of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) from contaminated water sources. The study focuses on the synthesis methods, adsorption performance, operational parameters, and environmental implications associated with these nanomaterials. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies published between 2015 and 2025 were identified through searches conducted in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The review highlights the predominance of iron-based nanoparticles, biochar-derived materials, and biopolymer-based composites, many of which demonstrated removal efficiencies exceeding 90% and high adsorption capacities for U (VI) and Th (IV). Key factors influencing performance include solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contaminant concentration, and contact time. The review also examines adsorption mechanisms, regeneration potential, scalability challenges, and concerns related to environmental safety and nanoparticle recovery. Although the reported results demonstrate significant potential for radionuclide remediation, most studies remain limited to laboratory-scale experiments using synthetic water. This review synthesizes current knowledge, identifies existing research gaps, and discusses future directions required to support the practical implementation of green nanotechnologies for sustainable water treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16130807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:01:17Z","timestamp":1782813677000},"page":"807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Green Nanotechnology for Water Treatment: A Systematic Review of Uranium and Thorium Removal from Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0413-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sim\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4774-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Lurdes","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-0287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika Andrea","family":"Levei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamaria Iulia","family":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8157-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz","family":"Avsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tracer Technology, Environmental Technology Section, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7681-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mila Kristiina","family":"Pelkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Safety and Radiation Protection, Environmental Technology Section, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2819-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niroshan","family":"Gajendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tracer Technology, Environmental Technology Section, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ferrando-Climent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tracer Technology, Environmental Technology Section, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2019.0030","article-title":"Insights of CMNPs in Water Pollution Control","volume":"13","author":"Christopher","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olawade, D.B., Wada, O.Z., Egbewole, B.I., Fapohunda, O., Ige, A.O., Usman, S.O., and Ajisafe, O. (2024). Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Remediation: Novel Approaches for Selective, Regenerative, and Scalable Water Treatment. Front. Nanotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2024.1466721"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02676-8","article-title":"Uranium in Drinking Water: A Public Health Threat","volume":"94","author":"Semenova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, K.S., Sharma, S., Maity, J.P., Mart\u00edn-Ramos, P., Fiket, \u017d., Bhattacharya, P., and Zhu, Y. (2023). Occurrence of Uranium, Thorium and Rare Earth Elements in the Environment: A Review. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1058053"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-016-4898-y","article-title":"Adsorption of Uranium(VI) from Aqueous Solution Using a Novel Magnetic Hydrothermal Cross-Linking Chitosan","volume":"310","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.200","article-title":"Impregnation of Magnetic\u2013Momordica Charantia Leaf Powder into Chitosan for the Removal of U(VI) from Aqueous and Polluted Wastewater","volume":"149","author":"Yuvaraja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, World Health Organization. Fourth Edition Incorporating the First and Second Addenda."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"ICRP (2019). Radiological Protection from Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in Industrial Processes, SAGE Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167065","article-title":"Assessing the Exposure Situations with Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials across European Countries by Means of the E-NORM Survey","volume":"905","author":"Popic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2019.01.005","article-title":"Emerging Natural and Tailored Materials for Uranium-Contaminated Water Treatment and Environmental Remediation","volume":"103","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179386","article-title":"Towards a European Sustainable Beneficiation of Rare Earth Elements Bearing Minerals: A Review","volume":"980","author":"Gajendra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Fernandes, H.M., Veiga, L.H.S., Franklin, M.R., and Prado, V.C.S. (1994). Environmental Impact Assessment of Uranium Mining and Milling Facilities: A Study Case at the Pocos de Caldas Uranium Mining and Milling Site, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W., Gao, B., Guo, Y., Sun, Z., Zhang, Y., Chen, G., Zhu, X., and Zhang, C. (2020). Occurrence and Distribution of Uranium in a Hydrological Cycle around a Uranium Mill Tailings Pond, Southern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030773"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-0785-9","article-title":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Techniques Used for Wastewater Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Crini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-021-00127-0","article-title":"Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater: A Comprehensive and Critical Review","volume":"4","author":"Qasem","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101504","article-title":"Heavy Metal Water Pollution: A Fresh Look about Hazards, Novel and Conventional Remediation Methods","volume":"22","author":"Figueroa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huston, M., DeBella, M., DiBella, M., and Gupta, A. (2021). Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082130"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102336","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Current Developments and Limitations","volume":"26","author":"Ying","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2017.11.003","article-title":"Nanomaterials for Removal of Toxic Elements from Water","volume":"356","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2017-0145","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Platanus orientalis Leaf Extract for Antifungal Activity","volume":"8","author":"Devi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Green Process. Synth."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michailidou, G., Koumentakou, I., Liakos, E.V., Lazaridou, M., Lambropoulou, D.A., Bikiaris, D.N., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2021). Adsorption of Uranium, Mercury, and Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions onto Magnetic Chitosan Adsorbents: A Review. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183137"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19899","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA03470A","article-title":"Environmental Applications of Magnetic Nanohybrid Materials","volume":"15","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2020). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2024.137708","article-title":"Tannic Acid and Trivalent Iron Modified Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as a New Adsorbent to Remove Uranium from Wastewater","volume":"380","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1504\/IJNEST.2010.035538","article-title":"Uranium Removal by Chitosan Impregnated with Magnetite Nanoparticles: Adsorption and Desorption","volume":"5","author":"Stopa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Nucl. Energy Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2020.100379","article-title":"Highly Efficient, Economic, and Recyclable Glutathione Decorated Magnetically Separable Nanocomposite for Uranium(VI) Adsorption from Aqueous Solution","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"100205","article-title":"Fabrication of Bentonite Based Nanocomposite as a Novel Low Cost Adsorbent for Uranium Ion Removal","volume":"11","author":"Zahran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-022-08723-1","article-title":"Magnetite Based Green Bio Composite for Uranium Exclusion from Aqueous Solution","volume":"332","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137246","article-title":"Plant Mediated Magnetic Nano Composite as Promising Scavenger\u2019s Radionuclides for the Efficient Remediation in Aqueous Medium","volume":"312","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20646","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03421J","article-title":"Performance and Mechanism of U(VI) Removal from Solution by Humic Acid-Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticle-Modified Biochar from Filamentous Green Algae","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130748","article-title":"Magnetic Hydrothermal Biochar for Efficient Enrichment of Uranium(VI) by Embedding Fe3O4 Nanoparticles on Bamboo Materials from \u201cOne-Can\u201d Strategy","volume":"658","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26743","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c01248","article-title":"Bio-Nano Interactions of Recombinant Cyanobacterial Metallothionein with Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Removal of Cadmium and Uranium","volume":"10","author":"Divya","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-025-08390-4","article-title":"Terminalia bellirica Extract Mediated Synthesis of Fe and Fe\/Ni Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Chromium and Uranium Adsorption","volume":"236","author":"Gunarani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-022-08441-8","article-title":"A Sustainable Approach to Gilloy-Shoot Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles: Isotherm and Kinetic Study of U(VI) Removal","volume":"331","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2020.22287","article-title":"Removal of Uranium(VI) from Aqueous Solution by Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized from Testa Extract of Annacardium occidentale: A Fluorimetric Study","volume":"32","author":"Chandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.107093","article-title":"Biogenic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Effective Removal of Uranium and Microbial Decontamination","volume":"70","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117873","article-title":"Carbothermal Reduction for Preparing nZVI\/BC to Extract Uranium: Insight into the Iron Species Dependent Uranium Adsorption Behavior","volume":"239","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-023-09091-0","article-title":"High-Efficiency Removal of U(VI) from Low-Concentration Uranium-Bearing Wastewater Using ZnCl2-Modified Activated Carbon Loading nZVI","volume":"332","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanin, M., Negm, S., Youssef, M., Sakr, A., Mira, H., Mohammaden, T., Al-Otaibi, J., Hanfi, M., Sayyed, M., and Cheira, M. (2022). Sustainable Remedy Waste to Generate SiO2 Functionalized on Graphene Oxide for Removal of U(VI) Ions. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052699"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-024-07517-3","article-title":"Enhanced Adsorption of Uranium (VI) from Aqueous Solutions by Hydrogen Peroxide-Modified Magnetic Biochar: Performance Evaluation and Mechanistic Study","volume":"235","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.01.052","article-title":"A Novel Nanocomposite of Liquidambar styraciflua Fruit Biochar-Crosslinked-Nanosilica for Uranyl Removal from Water","volume":"278","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122770","article-title":"Removal of Uranium (VI) from Water by the Action of Microwave-Rapid Green Synthesized Carbon Quantum Dots from Starch-Water System and Supported onto Polymeric Matrix","volume":"397","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2016.08.014","article-title":"Application of Banana Peels Nanosorbent for the Removal of Radioactive Minerals from Real Mine Water","volume":"164","author":"Oyewo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c10246","article-title":"Cellulose-Derived Nanomaterials for Affordable and Rapid Remediation of Uranium in Water","volume":"13","author":"Nayak","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130123","article-title":"Simultaneously Efficient Adsorption and Highly Selective Separation of U(VI) and Th(IV) by Surface-Functionalized Lignin Nanoparticles: A Novel pH-Dependent Process","volume":"443","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141444","article-title":"Sustainable Water Treatment Using Oats-Based Nano-Starch and Acetylated Nano-Starch for Uranium Removal","volume":"306","author":"Gulati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.3c02767","article-title":"Evaluation of Adsorptive Capture and Release Efficiency of MNPs-SA@Cu MOF Composite Beads Toward U(VI) and Th(IV) Ions from an Aqueous Media","volume":"40","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131104","article-title":"Green Preparation of Regenerable Biohybrids with Xanthan Gum-Stabilized Biogenic Mackinawite Nanoparticles for Efficient Treatment from High-Concentration Uranium Wastewater","volume":"408","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-020-07031-w","article-title":"Synthesis of Highly Deficient Nano SrCoOx for the Purification of Lanthanides from Monazite Concentrate","volume":"323","author":"Labib","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106755","article-title":"Synthesis of Polyamide-Based Nanocomposites Using Green-Synthesized Chromium and Copper Oxides Nanoparticles for the Sorption of Uranium from Aqueous Solution","volume":"9","author":"Elzoghby","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-021-08138-4","article-title":"Effective Removal of Uranium from Aqueous Solution by Using Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Derived from Citrus limon Peel Extract","volume":"332","author":"Kashyap","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.120973","article-title":"Synthesis of Zn-Al Layered Double Oxides Using Eucalyptus Leaf Extract as Template for Efficient and Ultrafast Thorium(IV) Removal","volume":"369","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.137052","article-title":"Unleashing the Synergistic Potential of Zeolite-Hydroxyapatite for Th(IV) and U(VI) Sequestration: Reusability and Industrial Effluent Applications","volume":"719","author":"Angaru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6891","DOI":"10.1021\/es500734n","article-title":"Bacterially Produced Calcium Phosphate Nanobiominerals: Sorption Capacity, Site Preferences, and Stability of Captured Radionuclides","volume":"48","author":"Hriljac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/24701556.2024.2330353","article-title":"Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution by Using Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"55","author":"Kashyap","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inorg. Nano-Met. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-020-07080-1","article-title":"Nano-Scale Zerovalent Copper: Green Synthesis, Characterization and Efficient Removal of Uranium","volume":"324","author":"Chandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132757","article-title":"Harnessing Nanomaterial-Driven Electron Transfer for Enhanced Uranium Recovery and Toxicity Mitigation in Bioelectrochemical Systems","volume":"433","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.09.050","article-title":"Decoration of ZIF-8 on Polypyrrole Nanotubes for Highly Efficient and Selective Capture of U(VI)","volume":"204","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duel, P., Pi\u00f1a, M., and Morey, J. (2022). One-Pot Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Nanomaterials Based on Phytate-Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Efficient Removal of the Radioactive Metal Ions 90Sr, 90Y and (UO2)2+ from Water. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12244383"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-of-Bias VISualization (Robvis): An R Package and Shiny Web App for Visualizing Risk-of-Bias Assessments","volume":"12","author":"McGuinness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270974","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/270974","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Microorganisms and Their Applications","volume":"2011","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2004.01.011","article-title":"Selective Adsorption of Uranium from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Charcoal by Chemical Activation","volume":"40","author":"Eral","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(00)00376-8","article-title":"The Structure of Uranium (VI) Sorption Complexes on Silica, Alumina, and Montmorillonite","volume":"64","author":"Sylwester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105646","article-title":"Transformation Pathways and Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) in Distinct Interactive Environmental Compartments: A Review","volume":"138","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00704-4","article-title":"Role of Capping Agents in the Application of Nanoparticles in Biomedicine and Environmental Remediation: Recent Trends and Future Prospects","volume":"18","author":"Javed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villagr\u00e1n, Z., Anaya-Esparza, L.M., Vel\u00e1zquez-Carriles, C.A., Silva-Jara, J.M., Ruvalcaba-G\u00f3mez, J.M., Aurora-Vigo, E.F., Rodr\u00edguez-Lafitte, E., Rodr\u00edguez-Barajas, N., Balderas-Le\u00f3n, I., and Mart\u00ednez-Esquivias, F. (2024). Plant-Based Extracts as Reducing, Capping, and Stabilizing Agents for the Green Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles. Resources, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources13060070"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/13\/807\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:22:32Z","timestamp":1782818552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/13\/807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16130807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16130807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}}}