{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:27:19Z","timestamp":1785432439894,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) PIE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202480E088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202480E088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["202480E088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202480E088"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfc7t72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015526","name":"Ministry of Science and Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2024-157256OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-157256OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015526","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PID2024-157256OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-157256OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023ktd084","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2024-157256OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-157256OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PID2024-157256OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-157256OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003x0zc53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101145795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101145795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101194784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101194784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["101145795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101145795"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["101194784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101194784"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work reports the development of innovative enzyme\u2013titanium nanobiohybrids synthesized via a protein-assisted approach to obtain efficient and sustainable photocatalysts for environmental remediation. By addressing the limitations of conventional TiO2 nanoparticle synthesis, this strategy enables controlled material properties under milder, potentially scalable conditions for enhanced ROS-driven degradation of persistent dye pollutants. This work employs a bio-assisted synthesis approach using \u03b2-glucosidase as a protein scaffold, TiCl4 as the titanium precursor, and H2O2 in bicarbonate buffer at room temperature, eliminating the need for harsh conditions and high temperatures. The biological moiety guides the nanoparticle formation, controlling size and morphology while preventing aggregation, all performed under mild conditions. X-ray diffraction determined that the Ti hybrid was composed of TiO2 brookite species. TEM analyses demonstrated the formation of well-dispersed nanostructures of around 700 nm. The resulting nanobiohybrids showed excellent photocatalytic activity, achieving &gt;99% Rhodamine B degradation under UV light in only 1 h compared to visible light. The catalyst was capable of degrading Rhodamine B at a concentration approximately 36 times above the recommended threshold for water. Furthermore, a preactivation of the catalyst by direct exposition of it to UV-395 nm light greatly enhanced the efficiency in the photocatalytic process, being inactive in visible light. The Ti\u2013enzyme hybrid showed excellent recyclability over five consecutive cycles and retained good activity after storage, demonstrating its stability. This study introduces a sustainable and efficient route for synthesizing Ti-based nanobiohybrids, providing a promising strategy for advanced photocatalytic applications in water treatment and environmental remediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16130823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:56:42Z","timestamp":1783349802000},"page":"823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel Photo-Driven Activated Enzyme\u2013Titanium Nanobiohybrids for Photocatalytic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1900-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Palla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Cat\u00e1lisis y Petroleoqu\u00edmica (ICP), CSIC, c\/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Garcia-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Cat\u00e1lisis y Petroleoqu\u00edmica (ICP), CSIC, c\/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2338-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzia","family":"Marciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Fundaci\u00f3n Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fern\u00e1ndez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6464-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Palomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Cat\u00e1lisis y Petroleoqu\u00edmica (ICP), CSIC, c\/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108109","article-title":"Current advances and opportunities in the development of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in the area of wastewater treatment, water desalination, biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications","volume":"10","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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