{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:43:06Z","timestamp":1785404586091,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Project of the Key Scientific Research Base for Metal Conservation","award":["2024JSBH002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JSBH002"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of the Scientific Research Platform of Nanjing Museum","award":["NBKFKT26041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBKFKT26041"]}]},{"award":["NBKFKT26041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBKFKT26041"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011fkt075","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province","award":["NMCSW2024Y01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMCSW2024Y01"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling","award":["PCRRF25019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCRRF25019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chloride-induced corrosion is a major threat to excavated bronze artifacts, yet conventional alkaline desalination requires repeated solution replacement and generates secondary chemical waste. Herein, a series of BiOCl-loaded carbon nanofiber composites (CNFs@BiOCl-X) were prepared by KOH activation followed by hydrothermal growth of BiOCl, aiming to develop regenerable electrodes for chloride removal in capacitive deionization systems. Alkali activation regulated the surface roughness, oxygen-containing functional groups, hydrophilicity, and BiOCl loading of CNFs, while the three-dimensional conductive network helped immobilize BiOCl nanostructures and buffer the volume variation associated with reversible Bi\/BiOCl conversion. Electrochemical analyses confirmed the pseudocapacitive chloride-storage behavior of the composites, with ion removal governed by the coupled effects of BiOCl redox activity, charge transfer, and interfacial ion transport. In a fixed-electrode membrane capacitive deionization system, CNFs@BiOCl-2 exhibited the best overall performance, delivering a salt adsorption capacity of 100.44 mg g\u22121 at 1.4 V and retaining 93.17% of its desalination capacity after 35 cycles at 1.2 V. For flow-electrode capacitive deionization, the higher BiOCl-loading CNFs@BiOCl-5 showed superior utilization of active sites and achieved 94.75% NaCl removal from a 1000 mg L\u22121 solution within 3 h, with an average desalination rate of 15.48 \u03bcg cm\u22122 min\u22121 and an energy consumption of 0.88 kWh kg\u22121-NaCl. These findings demonstrate that rationally matching BiOCl loading with electrode configuration enables efficient and sustainable chloride management, offering a promising electrochemical strategy for conservation electrolytes and related desalination applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16150907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T07:36:13Z","timestamp":1784878573000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustainable Chloride Removal from Conservation Electrolytes Using Alkali-Activated Carbon Nanofiber-Supported BiOCl in Capacitive Deionization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aoze","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Synthesis and Application of Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China"},{"name":"Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanghui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Synthesis and Application of Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Synthesis and Application of Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Museum of China, Beijing 100006, China"},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Base of Metal Conservation (National Museum of China), National Cultural Heritage Administration, Beijing 100006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5645-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Museum of China, Beijing 100006, China"},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Base of Metal Conservation (National Museum of China), National Cultural Heritage Administration, Beijing 100006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Synthesis and Application of Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China"},{"name":"College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4494-1844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Water Environment Engineering Technology Center, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Synthesis and Application of Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2021.109721","article-title":"Corrosion behaviour of lead bronze from the Western Zhou Dynasty in an archaeological-soil medium","volume":"191","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. 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