{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:17:00Z","timestamp":1791317820262,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cLeading Goose\u201d R&D Program of Zhejiang","award":["2024C03131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C03131"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24A20517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22376097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U24A20517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20517"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22376097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376097"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LMS26B070002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMS26B070002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LMS26B070002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMS26B070002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have been recognized as ubiquitous emerging global pollutants, which are extensively detectable in diverse environmental media and food matrices. Increasing evidence indicates that the intestine is a primary target of orally ingested MNPs and a critical initiating hub for systemic toxicity. Once ingested orally, MNPs can interact with the intestinal mucus layer and epithelial barrier, induce gut microbiota dysbiosis, remodel bile acid and short-chain fatty acid metabolism, and activate oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune imbalance. These gut-derived disturbances may subsequently propagate adverse signals to distal organs through the gut-liver, gut-brain, gut-kidney, gut-lung, gut-reproductive, and gut-mammary axes. Intestinal barrier dysfunction, endotoxin translocation, abnormal microbial metabolites, and microbiota-derived immune signals constitute common mediating pathways linking local intestinal injury to multi-organ toxicity. In addition, smaller particle size, surface oxidation, environmental aging, bio-corona\/plastisphere formation, and co-exposure with other contaminants can further modulate the intensity and specificity of gut-organ axis disruption. Prior reviews are limited to separate analyses of single-organ toxicity or isolated gut-organ pathways. To fill this gap, this work synthesizes contemporary mechanistic and experimental evidence to establish a gut-initiated systemic toxicology framework for MNPs. We differentiate direct particle translocation from gut-derived indirect signaling, evaluate the varying robustness of supporting evidence for each gut-organ axis, and underscore nanoscale biointerface properties as key modulators of MNPs systemic toxic potency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16150923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:11:56Z","timestamp":1785168716000},"page":"923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut-Mediated Systemic Toxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics: Nanoscale Biointerface Properties, Microbiota-Metabolite Crosstalk, and Evidence Across Gut-Organ Axes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-7296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00705-x","article-title":"Untangling the chemical complexity of plastics to improve life cycle outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Law","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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