{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:41:56Z","timestamp":1786250516265,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22206181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22206181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22476009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22476009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22576212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22576212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["22206181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22206181"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22476009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22476009"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22576212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22576212"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funding of National Institute of Metrology of China","award":["AKYJJ2304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AKYJJ2304"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funding of National Institute of Metrology of China","award":["AKYCX2202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AKYCX2202"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funding of National Institute of Metrology of China","award":["AKYZZ2218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AKYZZ2218"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan (China) Province Enterprise Basic Research Application Basic Research Joint Project","award":["202101BC070001-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101BC070001-026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimony micro\/nanoparticles (Sb MNPs) are key environmental Sb species that enter the human body via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact, posing potential health risks. Their complex transformation across multiple Sb species hinders accurate quantification, leaving their in vivo transformation mechanisms poorly understood. In this study, in vitro respiratory, gastrointestinal, and sweat models were established to investigate Sb MNP biotransformation, and the gastrointestinal model incorporated human fecal suspension to better mimic in vivo conditions. Transformation dynamics showed that simulated gastric fluid dissolved Sb2O3, Sb2S3 and Sb2O5 MNPs into ionic Sb without altering valence states, while Sb ions remained at low levels. Gastric-derived Sb(III) was oxidized to less toxic Sb(V) in the intestinal phase. In simulated sweat, Sb(III) concentrations increased but accounted for only 1.75% of total exposure, indicating low dermal risk. Notably, Sb2O3 MNPs exhibited lability in simulated lung fluids, particularly artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), where dissolved Sb(III) reached 1276.7 \u03bcg\/L with an ionic release rate of 63.8%. The low pH of ALF and formation of stable soluble complexes with citrate, lactate, and Cl\u2212 might drive Sb2O3 dissolution, suggesting high inhalation risk. This study advances the quantitative understanding of Sb MNP biotransformation and thus for human health risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16160974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:00:43Z","timestamp":1786118443000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative Investigation of the Fate and Behavior of Antimony Micro\/Nanoparticles in Simulated Body Fluids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yujian","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6322-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhensong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijie","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102026","article-title":"A review of the environmental chemical behavior, detection and treatment of antimony","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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