{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:32:08Z","timestamp":1787027528002,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52027809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52027809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52027809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52027809"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>JP-10 is a pivotal high-density hydrocarbon fuel for advanced aerospace propulsion systems. Doping aluminum nanoparticles to prepare nanofluid fuels is a promising route to enhance its energy density and combustion performance, yet the droplet formation mechanism of such multiphase fuels remains poorly understood, hindering single-droplet combustion research and atomization system optimization. This work constructed a piezoelectric drop-on-demand (DOD) monodisperse droplet generation platform integrated with phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) and high-speed imaging. Using Al\/JP-10\/OA nanofluids with aluminum mass fractions of 0.1 wt. %, 0.5 wt. % and 1.0 wt. %, we systematically explored the effects of liquid flow rate, driving frequency and particle concentration on droplet size, size uniformity and ejection velocity. In this work, Al\/JP-10\/OA nanofluids with aluminum mass fractions of 0.1 wt. %, 0.5 wt. % and 1.0 wt. % were tested under liquid flow rates of 1.1\u20131.5 mL\/min and driving frequencies of 10\u201350 kHz, with measured droplet diameter ranging from 241.04 \u03bcm to 292.26 \u03bcm and ejection velocity ranging from 1.65 m\/s to 2.45 m\/s. The results demonstrate that average droplet diameter increases linearly with flow rate and decreases monotonically with driving frequency. Compared with the 0.1 wt. % nanofluid, the 1.0 wt. % nanofluid shows a 4.4% larger droplet diameter and 12.1% lower ejection velocity, while the 0.1 wt. % sample retains excellent monodispersity with a size Span below 0.098. The multi-scale regulation mechanisms involving viscous variation, shear-thinning rheology and particle agglomeration are further clarified. This study provides fundamental data and theoretical support for atomization design of nanofluid aviation fuels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16161001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1786722516000},"page":"1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generation Characteristics and Regulation Mechanisms of Monodisperse Droplets of JP-10-Based Nanofluids via Drop-on-Demand Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bingzheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy, Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy, Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy, Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy, Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2687-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6511-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy, Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2021.04.044","article-title":"Performance Characteristics of a Scramjet Engine Using JP-10 Fuel Containing Aluminum Nanoparticles","volume":"185","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3197562","article-title":"Predicted Efficiency of a Nanofluid-Based Direct Absorption Solar Collector","volume":"131","author":"Tyagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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