{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:24:52Z","timestamp":1786965892386,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU, National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria","award":["DUECOS BG-RRP-2.004-0001-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUECOS BG-RRP-2.004-0001-C01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fenugreek is a widely used aromatic herb valued as a food ingredient. Fenugreek seeds and leaves are rich in antioxidants and bioactive compounds that support overall health, particularly gastrointestinal function. The present paper describes a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) grown in Bulgaria, Egypt, and India in order to find differences in AgNPs formation depending on geographic region and solvent used for the extraction and to find any changes in their spasmolytic activity. Methods: FT-IR, High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), DLS, and zeta-potential were used to characterize the produced AgNPs, aiming to verify their stability, size distribution, and formation. The biological activities of these extracts are then compared. Results: The ethanolic extracts were more effective for producing smaller, more homogeneous, and relatively stable AgNPs compared to aqueous extracts. Differences in phytochemical composition, which have a direct impact on the nucleation, development, and stability processes of NPs, could be the reason for the observed variances between plant extracts. AgNPs (aqueous), originated from Bulgaria, exhibited the strongest spasmogenic activity under the applied experimental conditions. The biosynthesized AgNPs also showed a selective antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Penicillium spp., with modest antibacterial effects. Conclusions: From a biological perspective, all samples\u2019 fenugreek extracts had a minimal impact on gastrointestinal contractility, but the AgNPs derived from these extracts had a greater spasmogenic effect. These findings point to a combination that enhances both functional efficacy and bioavailability. The Bulgarian fenugreek aqueous extract produced AgNPs with the strongest spasmogenic activity of all the preparations examined. The results showed the potential of AgNPs from fenugreek seeds for biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16161011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1786961076000},"page":"1011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spasmolytic Activity of Plant-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles from Fenugreek Seeds: Impact of Geographic Origin and Extraction Solvent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8160-0434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5709-3039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitar","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Gledacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6553-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliyana","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeri","family":"Slavchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0862-6238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velichka","family":"Yanakieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Technological Faculty, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-1057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slava","family":"Tsoneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1097-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliya","family":"Cherneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8112-6761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denitsa","family":"Momekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Street, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petia","family":"Konsulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrynology, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Karashanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies \u201cAcad. J. Malinowski\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stoyanka","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Shemy, H.A. (2017). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): An Important Medicinal and Aromatic Crop. Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/67161"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), A Potential New Crop for Latin America","volume":"4","author":"Basu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Open Access J. 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