{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:26:41Z","timestamp":1787052401282,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82060400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82060400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82060400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82060400"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009620","name":"Gansu Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26JRRA843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26JRRA843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012899","name":"Lanzhou University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CYXZ2022-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYXZ2022-55"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012899","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CYXZ2022-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYXZ2022-55"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mkqqe32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Longyuan Youth Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attapulgite (ATP; palygorskite) is a fibrous magnesium aluminum silicate that can reinforce hydrated polymer networks, provide a surface for molecular interactions, and participate in formulation-dependent ion or drug delivery. Although ATP has been studied most extensively in bone-oriented composites, its more distinctive role in cartilage repair may be as a spatially controlled regulator of the scaffold microenvironment rather than as a uniformly distributed bioactive filler. This review therefore examines ATP from a cartilage-first perspective. Direct ATP evidence, effects of modified ATP, performance of complete drug-loaded formulations, and cross-material extrapolations are considered separately. Current cartilage data support injectability, shear-thinning, photocrosslinking, mechanical reinforcement, and sustained intra-articular delivery but do not yet establish durable hyaline cartilage regeneration. In osteochondral constructs, ATP is more plausibly restricted to the calcified-cartilage interface or subchondral region, where reinforcement and mineral-associated functions may be beneficial, while high or uniform cartilage-side loading could increase stiffness, hypertrophy, or ectopic mineralization. This interpretation leads to testable design rules: define the ATP material fingerprint, map dose and spatial distribution, distinguish the true carrier phase, and assess cartilage matrix quality, lubrication, anti-hypertrophic stability, interface mechanics, persistence, and synovial safety. ATP should thus be developed as a dose-controlled and spatially restricted component whose value depends on material\u2013tissue matching and direct mechanistic validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16161021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T10:22:52Z","timestamp":1787048572000},"page":"1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attapulgite Nanocomposites for Cartilage and Osteochondral Repair: Material\u2013Tissue Matching, Evidence-Graded Mechanisms and Translation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1092-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0265-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siying","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongyan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7649-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.100948","article-title":"Articular cartilage repair biomaterials: Strategies and applications","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. 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