{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:26:13Z","timestamp":1787286373773,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22372110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22372110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22372111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22372111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22350610244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22350610244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24A20496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22161132026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22161132026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22372110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22372110"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22372111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22372111"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22350610244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22350610244"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U24A20496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20496"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22161132026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22161132026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Intelligent Matter","award":["SZS2022011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZS2022011"]}]},{"name":"Gusu Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Program\u2014Major Innovation Team","award":["ZXD2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZXD2023002"]}]},{"name":"Center for Innovation in the Molecular Science of Surface and Interface"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022959","name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nano & Soft Materials","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012462","name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03h3fdc41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graphite-based nanocomposites with nitrogen-rich covalent two-dimensional materials are promising for energy, catalytic and sensing applications, but their controlled construction remains challenging because both graphite and many covalent 2D materials consist of stacked sheets that are difficult to integrate homogeneously without prior exfoliation, dispersion, mixing, and restacking. Here, we explore a solvent-free strategy that uses melamine-confined graphite as a preorganized precursor for chemical transformations between graphene layers. We demonstrate that intercalated melamine can undergo reaction pathways analogous to those of bulk melamine, enabling not only the previously reported formation of graphite\/g-C3N4 composites but also the construction of a new graphite\/melem composite. The same concept is further extended to multicomponent solid-state reactions by introducing pyromellitic dianhydride, enabling the formation of new graphite\/polyimide-linked two-dimensional material composites from either melamine or melem precursors. Comparison of one-pot and stepwise routes shows that precursor preorganization within graphite improves framework preservation, structural continuity, and morphological homogeneity. Overall, this work presents graphite interlayers as confined reaction environments for transforming simple nitrogen-rich molecules into integrated graphite\/2D-material composites, providing a scalable platform for exploring solid-state chemistry and hybrid material synthesis between graphene layers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16161028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T07:58:23Z","timestamp":1787126303000},"page":"1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Confined Chemical Transformation of Melamine in Graphite Interlayers Toward Graphite-Based Composites with Nitrogen-Rich Two-Dimensional Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4463-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haseeb Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Ivasenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001105","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001105","article-title":"Recent Progress in Graphene\/Polymer Nanocomposites","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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