{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:39:01Z","timestamp":1787236741659,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024TIAD-KPX0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TIAD-KPX0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nantong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["JC2024032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC2024032"]}]},{"award":["JC2024032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC2024032"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02tx34m84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The limitations of conventional inorganic electrodes call for organic alternatives for advanced energy storage. Metal\u2013covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs) integrate the metal active sites of metal\u2013organic frameworks (MOFs) with the high chemical stability imparted by strong covalent bonds in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) while retaining the high specific surface area and tunable porosity of both material classes. Among these, MCOFs constructed from porphyrin and phthalocyanine building units have emerged as a research hotspot in electrochemical energy storage owing to their inherent 18\u03c0-conjugated macrocyclic electronic systems, well-defined M\u2013N4 coordination sites, and potential bipolar charge storage characteristics. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in this class of materials. First, from the perspective of metal center introduction timing, three core synthetic strategies\u2014pre-metallation, simultaneous metallation, and post-metallation\u2014are categorized and evaluated in terms of coordination precision, synthetic efficiency, and scalability potential. Second, the regulatory effects of two-dimensional layered and three-dimensional interpenetrated structures on charge transport pathways and structural stability are elucidated. Subsequently, the applications of porphyrin\/phthalocyanine-based MCOFs in lithium-based batteries, zinc-based batteries, sodium\/potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors are reviewed in detail, with emphasis on the key roles of metal active sites in catalytic conversion, chemical anchoring\/confinement, interface stabilization, and pseudocapacitive contribution. Finally, future directions to address key performance and mechanistic bottlenecks are discussed. This review aims to provide a systematic reference for the rational design and energy storage applications of high-performance porphyrin\/phthalocyanine-based MCOFs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16161036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1787219311000},"page":"1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent Progress in the Synthesis, Design, and Electrochemical Applications of Porphyrin\/Phthalocyanine-Based Metal\u2013Covalent Organic Frameworks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Institute of New Energy Storage Materials and Equipment, Chongqing 401135, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaowei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Institute of New Energy Storage Materials and Equipment, Chongqing 401135, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Institute of New Energy Storage Materials and Equipment, Chongqing 401135, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics, Center of Quantum Materials and Devices, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2734-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The McComish Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Jerome J. Lohr College of Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6927-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8322-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Institute of New Energy Storage Materials and Equipment, Chongqing 401135, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.07.008","article-title":"Positioning Organic Electrode Materials in the Battery Landscape","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23570","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202523570","article-title":"Decoding High-Voltage LiCoO2: From Degradation to Stabilization Toward Durable Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. 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