{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:18:50Z","timestamp":1787822330902,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections such as human papillomavirus, rotavirus, and cytomegalovirus continue to pose significant global health challenges, causing persistent and widespread disease. The objective of this study is to evaluate the preliminary in vitro antiviral and cytotoxicity profile of zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, which were synthesized through a green approach using Moringa oleifera leaf extract, against these viruses. Regarding antiviral effects, ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated potent antiviral activity against HPV, CMV, and rotavirus, with high selectivity indices and lower cytotoxicity compared with copper oxide nanoparticles. For HPV and CMV, ZnO showed markedly higher CC50 and SI values (HPV: SI = 10.67; CMV: SI = 10.57) than copper oxide nanoparticles, which exhibited lower selectivity and greater cytotoxicity. Against rotavirus, ZnO nanoparticles also exhibited superior safety and antiviral efficacy (CC50 = 798.42 \u00b5g\/mL; SI = 11.49), whereas copper oxide nanoparticles showed relatively higher toxicity and lower selectivity. In parallel, quercetin, the major flavonoid of Moringa oleifera, was evaluated in silico as a potential inhibitor of rotavirus VP5*, CMV UL44, and HPV E6 using molecular docking and 150 ns molecular dynamics simulations. Quercetin exhibited favorable binding affinity, stable interaction profiles, and low RMSD fluctuations across all viral targets. Overall, green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated promising preliminary antiviral activity with an improved safety profile compared with CuO nanoparticles, while the computational findings support quercetin as a potential multi-target antiviral candidate. Further studies using direct virological assays and in vivo models are required to validate these findings and elucidate the underlying antiviral mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16171067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1787817747000},"page":"1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antiviral Potential of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Integrated In Vitro and In Silico Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Atef S.","family":"Elgebaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12573, Egypt"},{"name":"Central Laboratory Department, Memorial Souad Kafafi Hospital, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), Giza 12568, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin Adel","family":"Elmahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11956, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujtaba Farooq","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem Mohammed","family":"Abdelrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2562-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa M.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5063-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 36362, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman K.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamael M.","family":"Abualnaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0741-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Shaalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3487-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, S.I. (2021). Human Viruses: Diseases, Treatments and Vaccines, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71165-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1634030","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"40","author":"Okunade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1047","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac561","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality among children younger than age 5 years with severe diarrhea in low-and middle-income countries: Findings from the World Health Organization-coordinated Global Rotavirus and Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance Networks","volume":"76","author":"Hartman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiopris, G., Veronese, P., Cusenza, F., Procaccianti, M., Perrone, S., Dacc\u00f2, V., Colombo, C., and Esposito, S. (2020). Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Update on diagnosis and treatment. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101516"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, M., and Tan, X. (2021). Current strategies of antiviral drug discovery for COVID-19. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.671263"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-021-00487-0","article-title":"A proposed insight into the anti-viral potential of metallic nanoparticles against novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)","volume":"45","author":"Fouad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mbatha, L.S., Akinyelu, J., Chukwuma, C.I., Mokoena, M.P., and Kudanga, T. (2023). Current Trends and Prospects for Application of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles in Cancer and COVID-19 Therapies. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030741"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03788-9","article-title":"The possible mechanisms of Cu and Zn in the treatment and prevention of HIV and COVID-19 viral infection","volume":"202","author":"Albalawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S419369","article-title":"Revisiting the green synthesis of nanoparticles: Uncovering influences of plant extracts as reducing agents for enhanced synthesis efficiency and its biomedical applications","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltys, L., Olkhovyy, O., Tatarchuk, T., and Naushad, M. (2021). Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: Principles of green chemistry and raw materials. Magnetochemistry, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/magnetochemistry7110145"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0034","article-title":"Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes","volume":"11","author":"Madani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, R., Dubey, N.K., Sharma, M., Kharkwal, H., Bajpai, R., and Srivastava, R. (2025). Boosting the human antiviral response in conjunction with natural plant products. Front. Nat. Prod., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fntpr.2024.1470639"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"281","article-title":"Zinc oxide-based antibacterial and anti-viral functional materials","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Saraswathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibacterial and Antiviral Functional Materials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123514","article-title":"Moringa oleifera gum capped MgO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, cyto-and ecotoxicity assessment","volume":"233","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuzeid, H.M., Julien, C.M., Zhu, L., and Hashem, A.M. (2023). Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their energy storage, environmental, and biomedical applications. Crystals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13111576"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8583","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20058583","article-title":"Studies on transition metal-quercetin complexes using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pareek, A., Pant, M., Gupta, M.M., Kashania, P., Ratan, Y., Jain, V., Pareek, A., and Chuturgoon, A.A. (2023). Moringa oleifera: An updated comprehensive review of its pharmacological activities, ethnomedicinal, phytopharmaceutical formulation, clinical, phytochemical, and toxicological aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032098"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02836","article-title":"Structural rearrangements in the membrane penetration protein of a non-enveloped virus","volume":"430","author":"Dormitzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M506900200","article-title":"Crystal structure of the cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase subunit UL44 in complex with the C terminus from the catalytic subunit: Differences in structure and function relative to unliganded UL44","volume":"281","author":"Appleton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229934","article-title":"Structural basis for hijacking of cellular LxxLL motifs by papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins","volume":"339","author":"Zanier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passaro, S., Corso, G., Wohlwend, J., Reveiz, M., Thaler, S., Somnath, V.R., Getz, N., Portnoi, T., Roy, J., and Stark, H. (2025). Boltz-2: Towards accurate and efficient binding affinity prediction. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.14.659707"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20291","article-title":"GROMACS: Fast, flexible, and free","volume":"26","author":"Lindahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08839-w","article-title":"Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract, probing antibacterial and antioxidant activities","volume":"15","author":"Sarwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Tanbouly, R., Gaber, M.A., Omran, S., Ahmed, N.Y., Ali, A.N., Saleh, A.H., Elgamal, A.M.R., Khafaji, N., and El-Messeiry, S. (2025). Moringa (Moringa oleifera) green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles for the drought tolerance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). BMC Plant Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-06708-2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2442","article-title":"Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano\u2013bio interface","volume":"8","author":"Nel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"20180008","article-title":"UV-Vis spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"Picollo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.23747","article-title":"Experimental methods in chemical engineering: X-ray diffraction spectroscopy\u2014XRD","volume":"98","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, M.A., Jaafar, J., Ismail, A.F., Othman, M.H.D., and Rahman, M.A. (2017). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Membrane Characterization, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63776-5.00001-2"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"63","article-title":"Structural and Optical Behavior of Commercial vs. Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Doped with Europium via Wet Impregnation","volume":"v2","author":"Nuriyeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"BSUJ Phys. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13316-0","article-title":"Nanoparticulate vacuolar ATPase blocker exhibits potent host-targeted antiviral activity against feline coronavirus","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.104750","article-title":"Garcinielliptone FC: Selective anti-amastigote and immunomodulatory effects on macrophages infected by Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"63","author":"Bezerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00491","article-title":"Forging the basis for developing protein\u2013ligand interaction scoring functions","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70280-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of PfDNMT2 inhibition and PfATP6-mediated resistance to the antimalarial candidate SC83288 in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"17","author":"Sanchez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2026.123790","article-title":"Molecular insights into mixed-solvent swelling of block copolymers for homoporous membranes via coarse-grained simulations","volume":"328","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelwahab, M.M., Soliman, M., and Nasrallah, A. (2026). Computational-experimental repurposing reveals synergistic sorafenib\/hydroxychloroquine response in KRAS-mutant breast cancer. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-026-01122-2"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-44038-x","article-title":"Allophycocyanin inhibits HIV-1 gp120 and reverse transcriptase through enthalpy-driven binding and antioxidative protection: Integrative computational and experimental insights","volume":"16","author":"Dubey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2019.1695669","article-title":"Delineating the conformational dynamics of intermediate structures on the unfolding pathway of \u03b2-lactoglobulin in aqueous urea and dimethyl sulfoxide","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01932-2","article-title":"Researcher degrees of freedom in statistical software contribute to unreliable results: A comparison of nonparametric analyses conducted in SPSS, SAS, Stata, and R","volume":"55","author":"Hodges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutukwa, D., Taziwa, R., and Khotseng, L.E. (2022). A review of the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles utilising Southern African indigenous medicinal plants. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12193456"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032002","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-959X\/ae8a70","article-title":"Current understanding and achievements on metallic copper and inorganic copper oxide nanomaterials in biomedical and biochemical arena","volume":"7","author":"Banik","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Express"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassaan, M.A., El Nemr, A., and Ragab, S. (2021). Green synthesis and application of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36268-3_125"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-022-02407-6","article-title":"Fabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles via microwave and green approaches and their antimicrobial potential","volume":"76","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, J., Krishna, S.B.N., Kumar, P., Kumar, V., Ghosh, K.S., Swart, H.C., Bellucci, S., and Cho, J. (2022). Recent advances on metal oxide based nano-photocatalysts as potential antibacterial and antiviral agents. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12091047"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano-L\u00e1zaro, A., Portillo-Cortez, K., Mojica, M.B.d.l.M., and Dur\u00e1n-\u00c1lvarez, J.C. (2025). A review on ZnO nanostructures for optical biosensors: Morphology, immobilization Strategies, and biomedical applications. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15211627"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204-023-00310-3","article-title":"Biomolecules influences on the physiochemical characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles and its enhanced photocatalysis under solar irradiation","volume":"8","author":"Jothibas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.02.009","article-title":"Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of monodisperse copper nanoparticles","volume":"128","author":"Kruk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738511666230504121506","article-title":"Evaluation of activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on human rotavirus and multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"11","author":"Minaeian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"83","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of rotavirus multiplication by copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"79","author":"Hossieni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1134\/S2635167623700027","article-title":"Metal-based nanoparticles for the diagnostics, therapy, and prevention of viral infections","volume":"18","author":"Zakharova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanobiotechnology Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"431","article-title":"Silver, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles in the fight against human viruses: Progress and perspectives","volume":"42","author":"Pieretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Ansari, S., Narayanan, S., Ranjith-Kumar, C.T., and Surjit, M. (2023). Antiviral activity of zinc against hepatitis viruses: Current status and future prospects. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1218654"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/hygiene3030020","article-title":"Antimicrobial nanomaterials: A review","volume":"3","author":"Ovezova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hygiene"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.2c00195","article-title":"Nanoscale interaction mechanisms of antiviral activity","volume":"6","author":"Bhatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wen, T., Mao, F., Yang, S., Zhang, Q., Fu, X., Zhai, C., and Zhang, H. (2025). Engineering copper and copper-based materials for a post-antibiotic era. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1644362"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-025-02766-6","article-title":"Biogenic copper\/zinc oxide nanocomposites from Bixa orellana: Anticancer effects through ROS generation and apoptosis induction in cervical carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metryka, O., Wasilkowski, D., and Mrozik, A. (2022). Evaluation of the effects of Ag, Cu, ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles on the expression level of oxidative stress-related genes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094966"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfj099","article-title":"Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials. Part VI. Characterization of nanoscale particles for toxicological evaluation","volume":"90","author":"Powers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/17\/1067\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:27:16Z","timestamp":1787819236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/17\/1067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16171067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16171067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]}}}