{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:11:16Z","timestamp":1789017076522,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSAU\/2025\/01\/37420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2025\/01\/37420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PSAU\/2025\/01\/37420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2025\/01\/37420"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jt46d36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanomaterials have emerged as key platforms for environmental remediation owing to their tunable surface chemistry, high specific surface area, and multifunctional physicochemical properties. This review provides a critical comparison between conventional nanomaterials (CNMs) and phyto-mediated nanomaterials (PMNs), with particular emphasis on material design, surface chemistry, pollutant removal mechanisms, environmental performance, and sustainability. CNMs, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and hybrid nanocomposites, offer excellent adsorption, photocatalytic, redox, and antimicrobial performance but remain constrained by concerns regarding toxicity, environmental persistence, and energy-intensive synthesis. PMNs provide a greener alternative by integrating plant-derived surface chemistry with nanomaterial functionality, potentially reducing reliance on hazardous synthesis reagents while modifying interfacial interactions relevant to environmental remediation. The review critically discusses the mechanistic roles of adsorption, surface complexation, photocatalytic degradation, electron-transfer processes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in pollutant removal. Recent advances in water purification, soil and groundwater remediation, carbon sequestration, and climate-related environmental applications are comprehensively summarized. Finally, current challenges associated with reproducibility, scalability, environmental safety, life-cycle assessment, and regulatory considerations are critically analyzed, together with future perspectives toward the rational design of sustainable nanomaterials for next-generation environmental remediation technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16171118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1788538052000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phyto-Mediated Versus Conventional Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation: Surface Chemistry, Removal Mechanisms, Performance, and Sustainability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Farhah Elfadel","family":"Omer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science and Humanities in AI-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7317-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliaa","family":"Alrashidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akeem Omolaja","family":"Akinfenwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science, School of Science, Yaba College of Technology, P.M.B 2011, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3806-9667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amani M.","family":"Alansi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taiz University, Taiz 12372, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5355-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science and Humanities in AI-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebayo Adekunle","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bader","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science and Humanities in AI-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatehia S.","family":"Alhakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science and Humanities in AI-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idris K.","family":"Popoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Et al. Technologies Limited, Gbagada 100234, Lagos State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3393-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talal F.","family":"Qahtan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science and Humanities in AI-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chahar, M., Khaturia, S., Singh, H.L., Solanki, V.S., Agarwal, N., Sahoo, D.K., Yadav, V.K., and Patel, A. (2023). Recent advances in the effective removal of hazardous pollutants from wastewater by using nanomaterials\u2014A review. Front. Environ. 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