{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:06:59Z","timestamp":1789103219886,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National United University of Taiwan","award":["1141031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1141031"]}]},{"award":["1141031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1141031"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04twccc71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 115-2221-E-260-004-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 115-2221-E-260-004-MY2"]}]},{"award":["NSTC 115-2221-E-260-004-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 115-2221-E-260-004-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In microcavity displays, different device structures can produce nearly identical normal-incidence electroluminescence spectra, making non-destructive identification difficult. This is especially relevant when narrow-band QLED emission is compared with cavity-narrowed OLED emission. Angle-resolved measurements can distinguish these cases, but the need for mechanical rotation limits measurement throughput. Here, we developed a digital twin-assisted method that uses a single normal-incidence spectrum for structural identification. The optical model was parameterized with measured material properties and checked against measured electroluminescence spectra. It was then used to generate spectra with \u00b11 nm electrode-thickness variations, and measured spectra were also included during training. Four machine-learning classifiers were compared for eight QLED\/OLED device structures. The Tanh-activated multilayer perceptron gave the highest testing accuracy of 93.94%, compared with 84.85% for logistic regression. These results show that small differences in the full spectral shape can support structural identification when peak wavelength and linewidth alone are ambiguous. The method provides a practical basis for rotation-free optical screening of microcavity display structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16181128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:26:11Z","timestamp":1788956771000},"page":"1128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-Destructive Structural Identification of Camouflaged Microcavity Displays via Digital Twin-Assisted Electroluminescence Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2229-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Hao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Han","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7501-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9069-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Yuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.M., Singh, K.J., Liu, A.C., Lin, C.C., Chen, Z., Wang, K., Lin, Y., Liu, Z., Wu, T., and Kuo, H.C. (2020). Advances in quantum-dot-based displays. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071327"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00559","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202500559","article-title":"Recent progress in quantum dot light-emitting diodes: Degradation mechanisms and strategies for improving device stability and reliability","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2024.3513699","article-title":"Investigating the impact of dosage factor on scattering and image quality in quantum-dot displays","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. 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Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y.H., Zhang, Y.L., Cheng, C.H., Wu, S.H., Li, C.H., Liao, S.Y., Tseng, Z.C., Lin, M.Y., and Huang, C.Y. (2025). Non-invasive composition identification in organic solar cells via deep learning. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15141112"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23596","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.565362","article-title":"Physics-informed CNN convolution for emulating scattering in quantum-dot color conversion displays","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08355-x","article-title":"Large-area OLED substrate printing path planning method based on multi-head GAT imitation learning to solve partitioned integer programming","volume":"15","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/18\/1128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:29:47Z","timestamp":1789100987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/18\/1128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16181128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16181128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}