{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:09:05Z","timestamp":1789031345354,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF-2026-589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ORF-2026-589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-589"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a sustainable approach for developing multifunctional hyaluronic acid\u2013TMSPMA hydrogel films incorporated with banana stem-derived carbon dots (BCDs) via gamma radiation. The solvent-free radiation process enables sterile synthesis, homogeneous crosslinking, and uniform BCD distribution. FTIR and XPS confirmed oxygen- and nitrogen-rich functional groups on BCDs; TGA demonstrated excellent thermal stability. The nanocomposite films (HT series) exhibited improved structural integrity, enhanced thermal resistance, and smooth compact morphology. Cytocompatibility verified non-toxicity and biocompatibility. Surface and barrier analyses indicated increased hydrophilicity and reduced oxygen\/moisture permeability. The films showed strong antioxidant performance exceeding 60% (DPPH) and 70% (ABTS) radical scavenging for HT3, and a controlled, diffusion-mediated BCD release. In banana packaging, the films delayed ethylene and CO2 evolution, prolonging shelf life and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, this work introduces a green and scalable route for producing BCD-reinforced hydrogel films combining antioxidant functionality, biocompatibility, and biodegradability for next-generation active food packaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16181129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"1129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustainable Gamma-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid-Carbon Quantum Dots Films for Active Packaging and Extended Fruit Shelf Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6103-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulhakeem","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8083-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suleiman A.","family":"Althawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro de Souza, T.S., Rabelo Vaz Matheus, J., Salles Barone, A., Mota Ferreira, D.C., Pelissari, F.M., and Fai, A.E.C. (2022). Development of biodegradable food packaging in the context of COVID-19: Sustainability more urgent than ever. Sustainability Management Forum|NachhaltigkeitsManagementForum, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00550-023-00529-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasi\u0161kien\u0117, \u017d., Barbir, J., Draudvilien\u0117, L., Chong, Z.K., Kuchta, K., Voronova, V., and Filho, W.L. (2022). Challenges and strategies for bio-based and biodegradable plastic waste management in Europe. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142416476"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100446","article-title":"Model-based design of smart active packaging systems with antimicrobial activity","volume":"24","author":"Vilas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1783199","article-title":"A review on techniques utilized for design of controlled release food active packaging","volume":"61","author":"Almasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa6714","article-title":"Green approach to photoluminescent carbon dots for imaging of gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli","volume":"28","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11777","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c02305","article-title":"Carbon dots for heavy-metal sensing, pH-sensitive cargo delivery, and antibacterial applications","volume":"3","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9323","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.2c01579","article-title":"Carbon dot biopolymer-based flexible functional films for antioxidant and food monitoring applications","volume":"4","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2023.215468","article-title":"A review of carbon dots in synthesis strategy","volume":"498","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2024.103182","article-title":"Biomass-derived carbon dots as significant biological tools in the medicinal field: A review","volume":"328","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NA00763H","article-title":"Carbon dots: Synthesis, sensing mechanisms, and potential applications as promising materials for glucose sensors","volume":"7","author":"Kayani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022001","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-6331\/ab0c80","article-title":"Advancement in science and technology of carbon dot-polymer hybrid composites: A review","volume":"1","author":"Ganguly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Funct. Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.123604","article-title":"Microwave assisted green synthesis of Zwitterionic photolumenescent N-doped carbon dots: An efficient \u2018on-off\u2019chemosensor for tracer Cr (+6) considering the inner filter effect and nano drug-delivery vector","volume":"579","author":"Ganguly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-019-03823-2","article-title":"Graphene based emergent nanolights: A short review on the synthesis, properties and application","volume":"45","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2021-0099","article-title":"Recent advances in waste-recycled nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Waste-to-wealth","volume":"10","author":"Hashem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17321","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-024-06315-5","article-title":"Eco-friendly TiO2\/CQDs nanocomposites from banana peel waste: Innovations in visible light induced organic pollutant degradation and X-ray shielding applications","volume":"15","author":"Parambil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohita, B., and Srijaya, M. (2024). Novel technologies for shelf-life extension of food products as a competitive advantage: A review. Food Production, Diversity, and Safety Under Climate Change, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-51647-4_24"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chudzi\u0144ska, J., Wawrzy\u0144czak, A., and Feliczak-Guzik, A. (2024). Microneedles based on a biodegradable polymer\u2014Hyaluronic acid. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16101396"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2024.02.010","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid in dentoalveolar regeneration: Biological rationale and clinical applications","volume":"14","author":"Mansour","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.055","article-title":"Starch functionalized biodegradable semi-IPN as a pH-tunable controlled release platform for memantine","volume":"95","author":"Ganguly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.06.034","article-title":"Polysaccharide and poly (methacrylic acid) based biodegradable elastomeric biocompatible semi-IPN hydrogel for controlled drug delivery","volume":"92","author":"Ganguly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-021-02142-1","article-title":"Recent progress in silane coupling agent with its emerging applications","volume":"29","author":"Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.097","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of cobalt hyaluronic acid nanostructure via gamma irradiation for improving biomedical applications","volume":"147","author":"Nasser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapia-Guerrero, Y.S., Del Prado-Audelo, M.L., Borbolla-Jim\u00e9nez, F.V., Gomez, D.M.G., Garc\u00eda-Aguirre, I., Col\u00edn-Castro, C.A., Morales-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.A., Leyva-G\u00f3mez, G., and Maga\u00f1a, J.J. (2020). Effect of UV and gamma irradiation sterilization processes in the properties of different polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13051090"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"172","article-title":"Sterilization by gamma irradiation","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gamma Radiat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5272","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c05543","article-title":"Superparamagnetic amine-functionalized maghemite nanoparticles as a thixotropy promoter for hydrogels and magnetic field-driven diffusion-controlled drug release","volume":"7","author":"Ganguly","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18605","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA06965E","article-title":"Nanocomposite hydrogel-based strain and pressure sensors: A review","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202425552","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202425552","article-title":"Interfacial Chemistry in Functional Hydrogel Coatings","volume":"64","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309952","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202309952","article-title":"Structuring and shaping of mechanically robust and functional hydrogels toward wearable and implantable applications","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401296","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202401296","article-title":"Hydrogel coatings of implants for pathological bone repair","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periyasamy, T., Asrafali, S.P., and Lee, J. (2025). Recent Advances in Functional Biopolymer Films with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties for Enhanced Food Packaging. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17091257"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s44316-024-00002-1","article-title":"Advancements in the biopolymer films for food packaging applications: A short review","volume":"1","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Sustain. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upadhyay, P., Zubair, M., Roopesh, M.S., and Ullah, A. (2024). An overview of advanced antimicrobial food packaging: Emphasizing antimicrobial agents and polymer-based films. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16142007"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29425","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c03778","article-title":"Waste-Derived Sustainable Fluorescent Nanocarbon-Coated Breathable Functional Fabric for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Applications","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8023","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01104","article-title":"Applications of N-doped carbon dots as antimicrobial agents, antibiotic carriers, and selective fluorescent probes for nitro explosives","volume":"3","author":"Saravanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409819","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409819","article-title":"Carbon Dots Infused 3D Printed Cephalopod Mimetic Bactericidal and Antioxidant Hydrogel for Uniaxial Mechano-Fluorescent Tactile Sensor","volume":"36","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31038","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c08111","article-title":"Carbon-dots-initiated photopolymerization: An in situ synthetic approach for MXene\/poly (norepinephrine)\/copper hybrid and its application for mitigating water pollution","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.02.119","article-title":"Facile green synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots using Chionanthus retusus fruit extract and investigation of their suitability for metal ion sensing and biological applications","volume":"246","author":"Atchudan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.12.047","article-title":"Biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots: Highly selective fluorescent probe for detecting Fe3+ ions and tetracyclines","volume":"539","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-017-3888-5","article-title":"Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots for sensitive detection of Fe2+ and hydrogen peroxide","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2021.109176","article-title":"Femtosecond laser synthesis of nitrogen-doped luminescent carbon dots from acetonitrile","volume":"188","author":"Astafiev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148598","article-title":"Bioinspired electroconductive and antibacterial nanocomposite hydrogel composed of hyaluronic acid, aniline tetramer and clay as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering application","volume":"332","author":"Samadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-019-7039-y","article-title":"An insight into the physico-mechanical signatures of silylated graphene oxide in poly (ethylene methyl acrylate) copolymeric thermoplastic matrix","volume":"27","author":"Ganguly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-022-04281-4","article-title":"Silane functionalization of sodium montmorillonite and halloysite (HNT) nanoclays by \u2018grafting to\u2019method to improve physico-mechanical and barrier properties of LLDPE\/clay nanocomposites","volume":"80","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101788","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent carbon dots obtained from citrus x sinensis by an eco-friendly method","volume":"11","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, P., Bose, M., Das, A.K., Banerjee, S., and Das, N.C. (2018). One-step synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots for bio-labeling assay. Macromolecular Symposia, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.201800077"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.03.018","article-title":"Green synthesis of biocompatible carbon dots using aqueous extract of Trapa bispinosa peel","volume":"33","author":"Mewada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51940","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c14527","article-title":"Microwave-synthesized polysaccharide-derived carbon dots as therapeutic cargoes and toughening agents for elastomeric gels","volume":"12","author":"Ganguly","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanungo, S., Gupta, N., Rawat, R., Jain, B., Solanki, A., Panday, A., Das, P., and Ganguly, S. (2023). Doped carbon quantum dots reinforced hydrogels for sustained delivery of molecular cargo. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14030166"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.08.021","article-title":"Green chitosan\u2013carbon dots nanocomposite hydrogel film with superior properties","volume":"115","author":"Konwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00664","article-title":"Naturally derived carbon dots in situ confined self-healing and breathable hydrogel monolith for anomalous diffusion-driven phytomedicine release","volume":"5","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-017-1389-y","article-title":"Nanocomposite carbon dots\/PAM fluorescent hydrogels and their mechanical properties","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xue, Y., Wang, J., Zhu, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhang, X., Liao, J., Li, X., Wu, X., and Qin, Y.-X. (2019). A composite hydrogel with high mechanical strength, fluorescence, and degradable behavior for bone tissue engineering. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071112"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.01.043","article-title":"Carbon dots incorporated polymeric hydrogels as multifunctional platform for imaging and induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cells","volume":"141","author":"Sachdev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.12.020","article-title":"Carbon dots assisted formation of DNA hydrogel for sustained release of drug","volume":"114","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"6","article-title":"Moisture barrier behavior of polymer films on food packaging plastic materials","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Res. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51617","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51617","article-title":"Reactive extrusion of biodegradable PGA\/PBAT blends to enhance flexibility and gas barrier properties","volume":"139","author":"Ellingford","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavri\u010d, G., Oberlintner, A., Filipova, I., Novak, U., Likozar, B., and Vrabi\u010d-Brodnjak, U. (2021). Functional nanocellulose, alginate and chitosan nanocomposites designed as active film packaging materials. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13152523"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121267","article-title":"The reduce of water vapor permeability of polysaccharide-based films in food packaging: A comprehensive review","volume":"321","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132223","article-title":"Enhancement of PLA crystallization, transparency, and strength by adding the long aliphatic chains grafted CNC","volume":"270","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Li, J., Xu, J., Gao, Y., Zhu, S., Wang, B., and Ying, G. (2023). Effect of acetylation of two cellulose nanocrystal polymorphs on processibility and physical properties of polylactide\/cellulose nanocrystal composite film. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28124667"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43660-3","article-title":"Pushing the limits of PLA by exploring the power of MWCNTs in enhancing thermal, mechanical properties, and weathering resistance","volume":"13","author":"Younus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.138905","article-title":"Fluorescent carbon dots in situ polymerized biodegradable semi-interpenetrating tough hydrogel films with antioxidant and antibacterial activity for applications in food industry","volume":"447","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.134554","article-title":"Doped carbon dots reinforced flexible nanocomposite active polymer film for antibacterial and antioxidant activities","volume":"698","author":"Althawab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128126","article-title":"Route-dependent tailoring of carbon dot release in alginate hydrogel beads (HB-Alg@ WTR-CDs): A versatile platform for biomedical applications","volume":"257","author":"Nille","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118915","article-title":"Tunable arrangement of hydrogel and cyclodextrin-based metal organic frameworks suitable for drug encapsulation and release","volume":"278","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae174","article-title":"Hypoxia in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit during ripening: Biophysical elucidation by a 3D reaction\u2013diffusion model","volume":"195","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2024.112903","article-title":"Efficient estimation of gas exchange and respiration kinetics in apple using pathlength-resolved GASMAS","volume":"213","author":"Joseph","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122808","article-title":"Global inland water greenhouse gas (GHG) geographical patterns and escape mechanisms under different water level","volume":"269","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/18\/1129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:35:50Z","timestamp":1789029350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/18\/1129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16181129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16181129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}