{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:09:14Z","timestamp":1789391354038,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2293693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2293693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["T2293693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2293693"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In membrane-based reverse electrodialysis (RED), ion-selective membranes convert ionic concentration gradients directly into electrical output. Protons are often treated within the general framework of cation selectivity, while how membrane structure specifically regulates proton transport beyond conventional cation transport remains insufficiently understood. Here, freestanding aramid nanofiber (ANF)\/Ti0.87O2 membranes approximately 3 \u03bcm thick are prepared by co-dispersion in trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH), spin coating, aqueous regeneration, and confined drying. X-ray diffraction and two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray scattering show that Ti0.87O2 incorporation is accompanied by enhanced ANF ordering and preferential orientation. After normalization to the bulk HCl\/KCl conductivity ratio, the proton preference factor increases from approximately 1.0 for ANF to 1.67 at a Ti0.87O2 mass fraction of 0.5, while the apparent activation energy is lower for HCl than for KCl transport (0.18 versus 0.24 eV). Under a 1000-fold HCl concentration gradient (1 M\/0.001 M), the membrane delivers 51.52 W m\u22122 and retains 88.1% of its short-circuit current over approximately 33 h. Further integration into a 10-unit stack yields an open-circuit voltage of 1.77 V, demonstrating modular voltage scaling. Together, these results suggest that Ti0.87O2 nanosheets promote ANF ordering and contribute to proton-favorable transport behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16181149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ti0.87O2 Nanosheet-Associated Aramid Nanofiber Ordering in Ultrathin Membranes for Proton Gradient Energy Conversion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4464-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyue","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhongxi","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0536-8","article-title":"Hydrophilic microporous membranes for selective ion separation and flow-battery energy storage","volume":"19","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31523-w","article-title":"Cation-selective two-dimensional polyimine membranes for high-performance osmotic energy conversion","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51540-1","article-title":"Microporous membrane with ionized sub-nanochannels enabling highly selective monovalent and divalent anion separation","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE00908G","article-title":"Synergy of light and acid\u2013base reaction in energy conversion based on cellulose nanofiber intercalated titanium carbide composite nanofluidics","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"101687","article-title":"Clean energy from salinity gradients using pressure retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis: A review","volume":"49","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08140-2","article-title":"Selective ion transport through hydrated micropores in polymer membranes","volume":"635","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16469","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c02629","article-title":"TRPM4-Inspired Polymeric Nanochannels with Preferential Cation Transport for High-Efficiency Salinity-Gradient Energy Conversion","volume":"146","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36848-8","article-title":"Polyamide membranes with nanoscale ordered structures for fast permeation and highly selective ion-ion separation","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12400","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c04223","article-title":"Giant osmotic energy conversion through vertical-aligned ion-permselective nanochannels in covalent organic framework membranes","volume":"144","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-73642-8","article-title":"Correlating solvation shell dynamics and ion transport in highly ordered nanoporous polymers","volume":"17","author":"Ball","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c12616","article-title":"Advancing ion selective membranes with micropore ion channels in the interaction confinement regime","volume":"18","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084702","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0245872","article-title":"Effects of amino-acid functionalization and pH value on temperature-dependent water dynamics in silica confinement","volume":"162","author":"Diehl","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62625-w","article-title":"Interfaces govern the structure of angstrom-scale confined water solutions","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-024-01593-y","article-title":"Neural-network-based molecular dynamics simulations reveal that proton transport in water is doubly gated by sequential hydrogen-bond exchange","volume":"16","author":"Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-023-00878-6","article-title":"Search for a Grotthuss mechanism through the observation of proton transfer","volume":"6","author":"Popov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nouri, G., Mulligan, C.N., Nasiri, F., Neculita, C.M., and Genty, T. (2026). Evaluation of Pressure Retarded Osmosis for Energy Generation from Mine Water. Water, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/w18050558"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.10.008","article-title":"Membrane fouling and anti-fouling strategies using RO retentate from a municipal water recycling plant as the feed for osmotic power generation","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-022-2057-5","article-title":"Cement-and-pebble nanofluidic membranes with stable acid resistance as osmotic energy generators","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123670","article-title":"Light-boosted simultaneous acid and salinity gradient energy recovery from wastewater via a nanochannel membrane with multi-objective ion separation ability","volume":"281","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102080","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202102080","article-title":"Aramid Nanofiber Membranes for Energy Harvesting from Proton Gradients","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advmem.2022.100046","article-title":"Harvesting osmotic energy from proton gradients enabled by two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene membranes","volume":"2","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Membr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advmem.2025.100130","article-title":"Hybrid energy harvesting enabled by a covalent organic framework membrane","volume":"5","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Membr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16405","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16985","article-title":"Artificial Proton Channel Membrane with Self-Amplified Selectivity for Simultaneous Waste Acid Recovery and Power Generation","volume":"19","author":"Jian","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12604","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c18730","article-title":"Bioinspired Chloride-Assisted Protein Channels: Enhancing Proton Transport for Sustainable Energy Harvesting from Acidic Wastewater","volume":"147","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.170303","article-title":"A full sub-2 nm and acid-resistant MOF-COF ionic diode membrane for efficient ionic gradient power generation","volume":"525","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5918512","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.5918512","article-title":"Robust Linkage-Encoded Covalent Organic Framework Membranes Sustain Selective Ion Transport for Energy Harvesting from Concentrated Acids","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12580","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c04152","article-title":"Commercial Nafion Membranes for Harvesting Osmotic Energy from Proton Gradients that Exceed the Commercial Goal of 5.0 W\/m2","volume":"18","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE00851C","article-title":"A sulfonated ultramicroporous membrane with selective ion transport enables osmotic energy extraction from multiform salt solutions with exceptional efficiency","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-68181-7","article-title":"Spontaneous chlorine production from chloride-containing brines","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0097-2","article-title":"Self-assembled highly ordered acid layers in precisely sulfonated polyethylene produce efficient proton transport","volume":"17","author":"Trigg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-00995-4","article-title":"Solid-state rigid-rod polymer composite electrolytes with nanocrystalline lithium ion pathways","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33868-8","article-title":"Short hydrogen-bond network confined on COF surfaces enables ultrahigh proton conductivity","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8425","article-title":"Spectroscopic snapshots of the proton-transfer mechanism in water","volume":"354","author":"Wolke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416277","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202416277","article-title":"Highly intrinsic thermal conductivity of aramid nanofiber films by manipulating intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10885-8","article-title":"Mechanically strong MXene\/Kevlar nanofiber composite membranes as high-performance nanofluidic osmotic power generators","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15237","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c06591","article-title":"Nanoscale Kevlar Liquid Crystal Aerogel Fibers","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12337","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b06206","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Unilamellar Cation-Deficient Metal Oxide Nanosheet Superlattices for High-Rate Sodium Ion Energy Storage","volume":"12","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1021\/cm00053a029","article-title":"Preparation and Acid-Base Properties of a Protonated Titanate with the Lepidocrocite-like Layer Structure","volume":"7","author":"Sasaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202315947","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202315947","article-title":"Bio-inspired Double Angstrom-Scale Confinement in Ti-deficient Ti0.87O2 Nanosheet Membranes for Ultrahigh-performance Osmotic Power Generation","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1515\/zpch-1907-5907","article-title":"Zur Thermodynamik der Fl\u00fcssigkeitsketten","volume":"59U","author":"Henderson","year":"1907","journal-title":"Z. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.18902760802","article-title":"Ueber die Potentialdifferenz zwischen zwei verd\u00fcnnten L\u00f6sungen bin\u00e4rer Electrolyte","volume":"276","author":"Planck","year":"1890","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1021\/jp908024s","article-title":"Dynamic Theory of Liquid Junction Potentials","volume":"114","author":"Dickinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [97th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315380476"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24399-9","article-title":"Atomic-scale regulation of anionic and cationic migration in alkali metal batteries","volume":"12","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1021\/cm034307j","article-title":"Oversized Titania Nanosheet Crystallites Derived from Flux-Grown Layered Titanate Single Crystals","volume":"15","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-025-01805-1","article-title":"Two-Dimensional TiO2 Ultraviolet Filters for Sunscreens","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01236-w","article-title":"Coaxial Wet Spinning of Boron Nitride Nanosheet-Based Composite Fibers with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Strength","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialsau.5c00216","article-title":"Molecular Design of Aramid Copolymer for Enhanced Toughness and Retention Performance","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Au"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2024.110480","article-title":"Two-step re-protonation strategy to fabricate aramid nanofiber sheet (ANFS) based high performance composite film","volume":"248","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.06.049","article-title":"Electron diffraction and molecular modelling investigation of the crystal structure of poly (para-phenylene terephthalamide) form II","volume":"52","author":"Lebeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1979.070230326","article-title":"Effect of coagulation conditions on crystal modification of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)","volume":"23","author":"Haraguchi","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.1021\/la980399t","article-title":"Electrokinetics: The properties of the stagnant layer unraveled","volume":"14","author":"Lyklema","year":"1998","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10950","DOI":"10.1021\/la501426c","article-title":"Streaming Potential Revisited: The Influence of Convection on the Surface Conductivity","volume":"30","author":"Saini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6440","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b02999","article-title":"Swelling of Graphene Oxide Membranes in Aqueous Solution: Characterization of Interlayer Spacing and Insight into Water Transport Mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01493-6","article-title":"Axial alignment of covalent organic framework membranes for giant osmotic energy harvesting","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-021-00001-4","article-title":"On-water surface synthesis of charged two-dimensional polymer single crystals via the irreversible Katritzky reaction","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b00876","article-title":"More than a Liquid Junction: Effect of Stirring, Flow Rate, and Inward and Outward Electrolyte Diffusion on Reference Electrodes with Salt Bridges Contained in Nanoporous Glass","volume":"91","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.1021\/jp972223q","article-title":"Effect of Proton on Potassium Ion in Countertransport across Fine Porous Charged Membranes","volume":"102","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1021\/jp020857d","article-title":"Kinetics of Proton Transport in Water","volume":"107","author":"Kornyshev","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44434-1","article-title":"Unlocking osmotic energy harvesting potential in challenging real-world hypersaline environments through vermiculite-based hetero-nanochannels","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7902","DOI":"10.1021\/la5014297","article-title":"Spatiotemporal pH Dynamics in Concentration Polarization near Ion-Selective Membranes","volume":"30","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2025.102621","article-title":"Simultaneous water and energy harvesting from routine acid-base neutralization via biomimetic nanofluidic membranes","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108972","article-title":"Advanced Janus membrane (MXene\/CoAl-LDH) for efficient asymmetric ion transport and nanofluidic energy harvesting","volume":"118","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120556","article-title":"Enhanced osmotic energy conversion through bacterial cellulose based double-network hydrogel with 3D interconnected nanochannels","volume":"305","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/18\/1149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:55:03Z","timestamp":1789390503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/18\/1149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16181149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16181149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}}}