{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:47:10Z","timestamp":1793296030404,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024MH148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024MH022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qingdao Science and Technology Benefit for People Demonstration Special Project","award":["24-1-8-smjk-15nsh"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-1-8-smjk-15nsh"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Persistent inflammation and excessive neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation hinder the healing of bacteria-infected diabetic wounds. The Salvia miltiorrhiza\u2013Astragalus membranaceus herb pair possesses anti-inflammatory activity, but its poor solubility, rapid metabolic clearance, and unclear material basis limit direct wound application. Extracellular vesicles (DH-EVs) isolated from this herb pair may improve local delivery and stability. Therefore, this work constructs a DH-EV-incorporated hydrogel dressing aimed at inhibiting NET formation and facilitating diabetic wound healing. Methods: DH-EVs were isolated from the Salvia miltiorrhiza\u2013Astragalus membranaceus pair, characterized by lipidomics and small-RNA sequencing, and incorporated into a hydrogel. The dressing was evaluated for physicochemical properties, mechanical performance, biocompatibility, NET inhibition, anti-inflammatory activity, and therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in bacteria-infected diabetic wounds. Results: DH-EVs were isolated, and sequencing identified miRNAs potentially regulating inflammation- and NET-related pathways. Incorporation into hydrogel did not significantly alter mechanical integrity or biocompatibility. In vitro and in vivo, the DH-EV-loaded hydrogel suppressed excessive NET formation, reduced local inflammation, and improved wound closure and tissue regeneration in bacteria-infected diabetic wounds. Conclusions: The DH-EV-loaded hydrogel promotes bacteria-infected diabetic wound repair by suppressing excessive NET formation and inflammation, providing a promising strategy for localized wound treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16181171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:07:29Z","timestamp":1789574849000},"page":"1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multifunctional Hydrogel Dressing Loaded with DH-EVs Promotes Healing of Bacteria-Infected Diabetic Wounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiemin","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wantong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4192-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Walson Standard Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8236-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199306103282306","article-title":"Long-Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"328","author":"Nathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. 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