{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:04:57Z","timestamp":1790139897044,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12104116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12104116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["12104116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12104116"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","award":["LH2024A020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2024A020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) is widely used to passivate undercoordinated ionic defects and regulate the near-surface structure of inverted perovskite solar cells; however, the solvent used for PEAI deposition can also interact with the underlying perovskite and therefore determine the treatment outcome. Here, ethanol (EtOH), isopropanol (IPA), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) were compared as aliphatic alcohol solvents for the PEAI post-treatment of inverted p\u2013i\u2013n solar cells based on a mixed-cation, mixed-halide Cs0.05(FA0.95MA0.05)0.95Pb(I0.95Br0.05)3 absorber. EtOH caused pronounced surface disturbance and substantially reduced device performance. IPA afforded the highest initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.92% but was accompanied by a stronger PbI2 diffraction signal. In contrast, n-BuOH provided a milder treatment, producing a comparable PCE of 21.83%, a weaker PbI2 signal, and the highest water contact angle. After dark storage in air at 25 \u00b0C and 25% relative humidity for 168 h, the unencapsulated n-BuOH-treated devices retained 82% of their initial PCE, compared with 77% for the Control. These results demonstrate that the PEAI processing solvent is an active component that governs the balance among defect passivation, surface reconstruction, initial efficiency, and short-term storage stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16181189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1789977827000},"page":"1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Solvent-Regulated Surface Passivation for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Boyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9276-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China"},{"name":"Department of Materials Process Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400844","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202400844","article-title":"A Review on Recent Advances in Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sol. 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