{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:15Z","timestamp":1792789695282,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Administrative Commission of Zhongguancun Science Park","award":["Z231100005523001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z231100005523001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034k14f91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["Z231100005523001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z231100005523001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034k14f91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With atomic-scale thickness and defect-sensitive structures, stimuli-responsive two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit diversified and highly localized physicochemical behaviors under external triggers such as electric fields, illumination, mechanical strain and chemical environments. These behaviors are intricately coupled with layer variations, grain boundaries, folds and local strain fields, which makes it necessary to reveal the structure\u2013performance relationships of stimuli-responsive 2D materials. Compared with conventional single-technique characterization, the combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a powerful framework for correlating structural, morphological and functional information across length scales. In this review, a systematic overview of correlative and integrated SEM\u2013AFM characterization of 2D materials is given, covering its origins, working principles, typical applications and recent progress. Representative measurement configurations are classified into three categories\u2014sequential SEM and AFM characterization, integrated AFM-in-SEM platforms, and truly in-situ or simultaneous SEM\u2013AFM measurements\u2014and the corresponding applications to stimuli-responsive 2D materials are discussed with respect to electrical, optical, mechanical and multiphysics characterization. The experimental challenges and limitations of SEM\u2013AFM integration, including electron-beam effects, contamination, vacuum constraints and drift-related issues, are critically analyzed. Finally, the development of intelligent SEM\u2013AFM platforms accompanied by emerging deep learning and artificial intelligence (AI) paradigms is outlined as a perspective, with emphasis on multimodal data fusion and automated feature extraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16191199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"1199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlative SEM\u2013AFM Characterization of 2D Materials: From Sequential Measurements to In-Situ Multimodal Platforms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7060-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouzheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunan","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4860-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12385","article-title":"Van der Waals heterostructures","volume":"499","author":"Geim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-020-0402-x","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Materials in Large-Areas: Synthesis, Properties and Applications","volume":"12","author":"Zavabeti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c06701","article-title":"Structural Defects Modulate Electronic and Nanomechanical Properties of 2D Materials","volume":"15","author":"Tripathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-00421-5","article-title":"Strain engineering of 2D semiconductors and graphene: From strain fields to band-structure tuning and photonic applications","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light Sci. 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