{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:53:58Z","timestamp":1791190438352,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010851","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ20045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ20045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52672377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52672377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52672377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52672377"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon aerogels are widely used for thermal protection in extreme high-temperature environments under inert atmospheres because of their excellent thermal insulation. However, their high specific surface area and open-pore structure promote moisture uptake, necessitating hydrophobic or low-surface-energy functionalization for practical use. Existing studies have primarily focused on room-temperature wettability after modification, while the high-temperature decomposition of functional layers, elemental evolution, and volatile release remain insufficiently understood. Herein, vapor-phase fluorosilane (FAS)-modified carbon aerogel composites were investigated by combining solid-state chemical characterization with evolved-gas analysis to clarify the thermal evolution of the functional layer under inert high-temperature conditions. FAS modification produced a superhydrophobic surface with an initial water contact angle of approximately 163\u00b0. During heating, the FAS-derived functional layer entered a rapid-decomposition stage at approximately 372 \u00b0C, followed by the principal fluorinated-volatilization stage near 443 \u00b0C. Perfluoroalkyl-chain cleavage progressively removed fluorine from the material through the release of CxFy-containing volatile species, accompanied by the disappearance of C\u2013F, CF2, and CF3 structures. In contrast, part of the silicon-containing fraction was retained and evolved into a Si\u2013C-related residual structure. Although high-temperature exposure eliminated FAS-derived hydrophobicity, the nanoparticle-assembled nanoporous carbon framework remained intact without obvious structural collapse. These findings establish a selective thermal-failure pathway in which fluorinated chains preferentially decompose and volatilize, whereas silicon-containing species are partially retained and reconstructed on the carbon framework, clarifying the failure mechanism of surface-modified carbon aerogel nanomaterials in extreme thermal environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16191250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:00:22Z","timestamp":1791187222000},"page":"1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermal Evolution of Silicon and Fluorine Species in Fluorosilane-Modified Carbon Aerogel Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yiren","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Speed Aerodynamic Metamaterials, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6844-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junzong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Speed Aerodynamic Metamaterials, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4632-5575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonggang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Speed Aerodynamic Metamaterials, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Speed Aerodynamic Metamaterials, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Speed Aerodynamic Metamaterials, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Huang, H., Lei, C., Liu, Y., and Li, W. 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