{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:50:04Z","timestamp":1791435004305,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research focuses on a sustainable way to reduce waste and generate renewable energy by converting Chempedak bio-waste into bioethanol. It undergoes several phases: feedstock collection and pretreatment (mechanical, acid and alkaline pretreatment), hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The main goal of this project is to yield ethanol from 300 g Chempedak peel waste by using a functioning and cost-effective way. When processing the project, the distillation process was then changed to ethanol evaporation which used a rotary evaporator to extract the ethanol, as it is more effective. The final product for the ethanol yielded 73% for 41 mL. This work provided solutions to society to reduce waste, promote more sustainable energy solutions, and increase economic growth in industries by finding more sustainable options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16191259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:28:05Z","timestamp":1791296885000},"page":"1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Production of Bioethanol from Artocarpus Integer (Chempedak) Peel: An Approach Towards Clean Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yan Shan","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Taylor\u2019s University, 1 Jalan Taylor\u2019s, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asheild Clint","family":"Choisy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Taylor\u2019s University, 1 Jalan Taylor\u2019s, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0113-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kae Bin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Taylor\u2019s University, 1 Jalan Taylor\u2019s, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zavier Ik Yang","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Taylor\u2019s University, 1 Jalan Taylor\u2019s, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedict Raphael","family":"Soesanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Taylor\u2019s University, 1 Jalan Taylor\u2019s, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachin Sharma Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Taylor\u2019s University, 1 Jalan Taylor\u2019s, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Clean Technology Impact Lab, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sivakumar, R.A.S. (2024). Determinants Of Sustainable Waste Management Practices. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University Utara Malaysia]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.05.033","article-title":"Towards low carbon society in Iskandar Malaysia: Implementation and feasibility of community organic waste composting","volume":"203","author":"Bong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"021003","article-title":"Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in Malaysia for Energy Recovery","volume":"264","author":"Khamis","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"29","article-title":"An Overview of the Environmental Pollution and Health Effects Associated with Waste Landfilling and Open Dumping","volume":"39","author":"Siddiqua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407909-0.00023-7","article-title":"How Fuel Ethanol Is Made from Corn","volume":"1","author":"Mosier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.59.8.912","article-title":"Comparison of Flexible Fuel Vehicle and Life-Cycle Fuel Consumption and Emissions of Selected Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases for Ethanol 85 Versus Gasoline","volume":"59","author":"Zhai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"100522","article-title":"Techno-enviro-economic analysis of second-generation bioethanol at plant-scale by different pre-treatments of biomass from palm oil waste","volume":"21","author":"Priadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag. X"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.19206\/CE-2016-338","article-title":"Ethanol as an automotive fuel","volume":"3","author":"Bielaczyc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Combust. Engines"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38776","article-title":"The prospect of fruit wastes in bioethanol production: A review","volume":"10","author":"Mgeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SU00152H","article-title":"Advancing bioethanol: Exploring feedstock diversity, production pathways, and environmental implications","volume":"4","author":"Jain","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9696","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c10185","article-title":"Green pretreatment of tropical fruit peels using triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate: A route toward sustainable biomass valorization","volume":"11","author":"Souza","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarangi, P., Srivastava, R.K., Singh, A.K., and Dzieka\u0144ski, P. (2023). The Utilization of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) Waste towards Sustainable Energy and Biochemicals: The Attainment of Zero-Waste Technologies. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.0264.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2285","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of Jackfruit (Artocarpus integer (Thumb.).) Peel","volume":"8","author":"Antony","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannes, L.P., and Xuan, T.D. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Acidic and Alkaline Pretreatment Techniques for Bioethanol Production from Perennial Grasses. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17051048"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miss-Zacar\u00edas, D.M.D.J., Calder\u00f3n-Santoyo, M., Zamora-Gasga, V.M., Ascanio, G., and Ragazzo-S\u00e1nchez, J.A. (2025). Spray Drying of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Seeds Protein Concentrate: Physicochemical, Structural, and Thermal Characterization. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13072319"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104235d","article-title":"Investigation of Thermal Decomposition as the Kinetic Process That Causes the Loss of Crystalline Structure in Sucrose Using a Chemical Analysis Approach (Part II)","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"48","article-title":"Bioethanol production from durian shell wastes by saccharification and liquefaction processes","volume":"5","author":"Irhamni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"100053","article-title":"Advances and challenges in pretreatment technologies for bioethanol production. A comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Clim. Action"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2023.11.053","article-title":"Breaking Barriers for a Green Future: A Comprehensive Study on Pre-treatment Techniques for Empty Fruit Bunches in the Bio-Based Economy","volume":"182","author":"Javanmard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-017-0375-4","article-title":"Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass for anaerobic digestion","volume":"7","author":"Amin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126195","article-title":"Recent advances in lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and value-added bioproducts, A critical review","volume":"344","author":"Ashokkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787532","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/787532","article-title":"Chemical and Physicochemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review","volume":"2011","author":"Brodeur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Enzym. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madyira, D.M., and Olatunji, K.O. (2025). Alkali Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Feedstock Improves Morphological Structure and Biomethane Yield. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17020534"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12026","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12026","article-title":"Improved glucose recovery from durian peel by alkaline-catalyzed steam pretreatment","volume":"9","author":"Obeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasekara, S., and Ratnayake, R. (2019). Microbial Cellulases: An Overview and Applications. Cellulose, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.84531"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AAT Bioqueat (2024, December 22). Citrate Buffer (pH 3.0 to 6.2) Preparation and Recipe. Available online: https:\/\/www.aatbio.com\/resources\/buffer-preparations-and-recipes\/citrate-buffer-ph-3-to-6-2.","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.rec108261"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2239-2243.2005","article-title":"Relationship between pH and Medium Dissolved Solids in Terms of Growth and Metabolism of Lactobacilli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae during Ethanol Production","volume":"71","author":"Narendranath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kelly, D.J., Hughes, N.J., and Poole, R.K. (2001). Microaerobic Physiology: Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration, and Carbon Dioxide Metabolism, ASM Press."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthesis of Bioethanol from Artocarpus Heterophyllus Peel by Fermentation using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae at Low Cost","volume":"2","author":"Yuvarani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Res. Dev. J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"University of Wollongong (2005). Buchi 20\/40\/60 Rule for Rotary Evaporators, University of Wollongong."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plugatar, Y., Johnson, J., Timofeev, R., Korzin, V., Kazak, A., Nekhaychuk, D., Borisova, E., and Rotanov, G. (2023). Prediction of Ethanol Content and Total Extract Using Densimetry and Refractometry. Beverages, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages9020031"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.21123\/bsj.2021.18.1(Suppl.).0722","article-title":"Determining the Quality and Quantity of Bioethanol Production using Golden Shower (Cassica fistula) Fruit","volume":"18","author":"Rico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Baghdad Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Borgford, C.L., and Summerlin, L.R. (1988). Chemical of Foods. Chemical Activites, American Chemical Society."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2016.1227629","article-title":"A study on detection of glucose concentration using changes in color coordinates","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1590\/S2179-10742010000200007","article-title":"Etched fiber bragg gratings sensors for water-ethanol mixtures: A comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Coradin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microw. Optoelectron. Electromagn. Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"JJS (2024, December 22). Atago Abbe Refractometer\u2014DR-A1. Available online: https:\/\/www.jjstech.com\/dr-a1.html?srsltid=AfmBOoouhy9Ai0-tS5e51laT6o9jOJzrJt1dS9AFnvo5jsNMvXEEb4Zw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/17\/10\/005","article-title":"Calibration of hydrometers","volume":"17","author":"Lorefice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/19\/1259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:12:40Z","timestamp":1791432760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/19\/1259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16191259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16191259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}}}