{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:52:18Z","timestamp":1791453138241,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi","award":["3776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3776"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e1ymy32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi","award":["3710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3710"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e1ymy32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["3776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3776"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e1ymy32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["3710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3710"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e1ymy32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spark ablation is an attractive gas-phase route for producing ligand-free metal nanoparticles, yet control over agglomeration and phase evolution during deposition remains challenging. The influence of carrier gas flow rate and deposition time on the agglomerate morphology, size distribution, and oxidation behavior of copper nanoparticles deposited onto silicon and glass substrates is investigated. Copper nanoparticles were generated by spark discharge and transported by nitrogen (N2) carrier gas under flow rates ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 L min\u22121 prior to deposition onto silicon substrates for 2 h and 5 h. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a transition from compact, isotropic agglomerates at low flow rates to elongated, chain-like structures at higher flow rates, indicating a shift from coalescence- and restructuring-favored conditions toward increasingly kinetically constrained aggregation. Transmission electron microscopy reveals predominantly spherical nanoparticles with a lognormal size distribution centered at approximately 10 nm, consistent with gas-phase nucleation and coalescence. Structural and spectroscopic analyses suggest CuO as the dominant oxide phase with minor Cu2O contributions, with Raman spectroscopy providing the primary evidence due to limitations in high-resolution TEM analysis from substrate effects and peak overlap. These findings show that carrier-gas flow rate systematically influences agglomerate structure under the investigated conditions, while oxidation may occur both during aerosol transport and following ambient exposure; the present measurements do not allow the relative contributions of these processes to be quantitatively separated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16191270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:34:25Z","timestamp":1791448465000},"page":"1270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flow-Rate-Controlled Agglomeration and Ambient Oxide Phase Characteristics of Spark-Ablated Copper Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1834-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joumana","family":"El-Rifai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Novel Materials Development Laboratory, SAFIR (Sorbonne Abu Dhabi for Innovation and Research Institute), Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 38044, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-5853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliane","family":"Bsaibess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novel Materials Development Laboratory, SAFIR (Sorbonne Abu Dhabi for Innovation and Research Institute), Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. 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Box 38044, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Bouillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateforme MACLE-CVL (Microscopies, Imageries et Ressources Analytiques en R\u00e9gion Centre-Val de Loire), UAR 2590 (Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Appui et de Recherche), 1b, Rue de la F\u00e9rollerie, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans Cedex 2, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9297-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustapha","family":"Zaghrioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GREMAN (Groupe de Recherche en Mat\u00e9riaux, Micro\u00e9lectronique, Acoustique, Nanotechnologies), UMR (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche) 7347\u2013CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), IUT de Blois, University of Tours, 15 Rue de la Chocolaterie, 41029 Blois, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2021.598","article-title":"Developing the Chemistry of Colloidal Cu Nanocrystals to Advance the CO2 Electrochemical Reduction","volume":"75","author":"Buonsanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"CHIMIA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16218","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC03583A","article-title":"Copper-based metal oxides for chemiresistive gas sensors","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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