{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:03:43Z","timestamp":1791461023632,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32301420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32301420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32301420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32301420"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3711804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3711804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Drug Efficacy and Health Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang","award":["SS2024006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SS2024006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of metal\u2013organic frameworks (MOFs) toward the adsorption of organic pollutants from aqueous systems has attracted heightened attention in recent times. While considerable research works have examined high-surface-area MOFs, growing evidence demonstrates that MOFs with low Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) surface areas (SBET \u2264 100 m2\/g) can also achieve remarkably high pollutant adsorption. This review critically examines, for the first time, recent developments that have enabled low-surface-area MOFs to adsorb organic pollutants from wastewater efficiently. The first part explores compositional modifications of low-surface-area MOF adsorbents, with particular attention to their metal centers. Furthermore, four categories of auxiliary components were delved into. Additionally, the factors influencing adsorbent synthesis were presented. Moreover, low- and high-SBET MOFs were directly compared. Finally, current challenges and key research gaps were identified. Future research priorities such as rigorous mechanistic validation, performance evaluation in realistic water matrices, improved regeneration strategies, and advancing pilot-scale studies to facilitate practical application were also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16191271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:26:53Z","timestamp":1791458813000},"page":"1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Challenging the Surface Area Paradigm: A Critical Review of Low-BET Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks for the Adsorption of Organic Water Pollutants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcom Frimpong","family":"Dapaah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingbao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Antwi-Baah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candy Ann Dwamena","family":"Darkwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK-448-7038, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1767-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhs.2025.100032","article-title":"An Overview of Water and Environmental Pollutants and Hospital Wastes","volume":"2","author":"Kianfar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intell. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8845873","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8845873","article-title":"Aqueous Phase Textile Dye Degradation by Microbes and Nanoparticles: A Review","volume":"2024","author":"Khongthaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129866","article-title":"A Critical Review on the Formation, Fate and Degradation of the Persistent Organic Pollutant Hexachlorocyclohexane in Water Systems and Waste Streams","volume":"271","author":"Adithya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.134182","article-title":"Efficient Persistent Organic Pollutant Removal in Water Using MIL-Metal\u2013Organic Framework Driven Fenton-like Reactions: A Critical Review","volume":"431","author":"Dapaah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127946","article-title":"Critical Review on Adsorptive Removal of Antibiotics: Present Situation, Challenges and Future Perspective","volume":"425","author":"Mangla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5735","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.12.5735-5739.2001","article-title":"Engineering Cytochrome P450 BM-3 for Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.02.031","article-title":"Pre-Exposition to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Enhance Biofilm Formation and Hydrocarbon Removal by Native Multi-Species Consortium","volume":"5","author":"Isaac","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.316","article-title":"Removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Landfill Leachates Treated in Three Constructed Wetland Systems","volume":"68","author":"Wojciechowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.076","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Bio-Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Its Effect on Environment","volume":"198","author":"Gaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2020.02.031","article-title":"Extraordinary Adsorption of Acidic Fuchsine and Malachite Green onto Cheap Nano-Adsorbent Derived from Eggshell","volume":"28","author":"Moosavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-019-01354-2","article-title":"Recent Advances of Supercritical CO2 in Green Synthesis and Activation of Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks","volume":"30","author":"Dapaah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105275","article-title":"Adsorption of Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solution by Pyridine-2-Carboxaldehyde Grafted MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 Metal-Organic Frameworks","volume":"9","author":"Dapaah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13428","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NJ01963F","article-title":"Morphology-Size Map of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: Unveiling the Bactericidal Effects upon Varying Their Zinc\/Cobalt Ion Contents","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antwi-Baah, R., and Liu, H. (2018). Recent Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Applications. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11112250"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2025.100650","article-title":"Quasi-MOFs in Water Treatment: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2025.100545","article-title":"Innovative MOF Materials for a Sustainable Future: Tackling Energy and Environmental Challenges","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11564","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA02919A","article-title":"Realising the Environmental Benefits of Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks: Recent Advances in Microwave Synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Laybourn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.113512","article-title":"Removal of Antibiotic Tetracycline by Metal-Organic Framework MIL-101(Cr) Loaded Nano Zero-Valent Iron","volume":"313","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14375","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c02875","article-title":"Multifunctional Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks Driven Three-Dimensional Folded Paper-Based Microfluidic Analysis Device for Chlorpyrifos Detection","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133995","article-title":"An Intrinsic Dual-Emitting Fluorescence Sensing toward Tetracycline with Self-Calibration Model Based on Luminescent Lanthanide-Functionalized Metal-Organic Frameworks","volume":"400","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.135768","article-title":"Understanding the Antibacterial Effects of Incorporating Chlorin E6-Loaded Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 with Cerium and Polydopamine","volume":"706","author":"Acquah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150162","article-title":"Tunning MIL-101(Cr) MOF Polymorphism towards Efficient Adsorption and Localized Fenton-like Degradation of Para-Nitroaniline by Fe Incorporation","volume":"486","author":"Dapaah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121779","article-title":"Exploring 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehydefunctionalized MIL-88A(In:Fe) towards the Efficient Adsorption of Tetracycline-Hydrochloride","volume":"279","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114397","article-title":"Juxtaposing the Antibacterial Activities of Different ZIFs in Photodynamic Therapy and Their Oxidative Stress Approach","volume":"247","author":"Acquah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.111006","article-title":"Fenton-like Catalytic MOFs Driving Electrochemical Aptasensing toward Tracking Lead Pollution in Pomegranate Fruit","volume":"169","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-024-00413-7","article-title":"Preparation of Unsaturated MIL-101(Cr) with Lewis Acid Sites for the Extraordinary Adsorption of Anionic Dyes","volume":"8","author":"Keshta","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117588","article-title":"Adsorption of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solution by ZIF-8: Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics","volume":"241","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alf\u00e8, M., Gargiulo, V., Amati, M., Maraloiu, V.-A., Maddalena, P., and Lettieri, S. (2021). Mesoporous TiO2 from Metal-Organic Frameworks for Photoluminescence-Based Optical Sensing of Oxygen. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11070795"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SU00463B","article-title":"A Water-Based Synthetic Route to the Metal\u2013Organic Framework UiO-66 Starting from PET-Derived Terephthalate Esters","volume":"4","author":"Agola","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201502","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202201502","article-title":"How Reproducible Are Surface Areas Calculated from the BET Equation?","volume":"34","author":"Osterrieth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2025.102750","article-title":"Engineering Cryogels with High-Loading Cobalt-Based MOFs for Highly Efficient Removal of Congo Red","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9891","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09890-x","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Synthesis of Copper Terephthalate Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks Using Sorbitol and Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Methylene Blue Removal","volume":"50","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136286","article-title":"Exploring Performance and Mechanism of Modified Metal-Organic Frameworks in Calcium Alginate\/Polyvinyl Alcohol Double-Network Hydrogels for Effective Dye Wastewater Treatment","volume":"281","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.156350","article-title":"Bimetallic Metal-Organic Framework-Modified Resin for Enhanced Removal of Organophosphorus: Inherent Defects and High Selectivity","volume":"499","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.172291","article-title":"Xanthan Gum-g-Poly(3-Aminobenzoic Acid)@MIL-101(Fe)\/ZnO as a Multifunctional Antimicrobial Bio-Nanosorbent for Rhodamine B Removal","volume":"528","author":"Jalil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120622","article-title":"Versatile Crosslinking Synthesis of an EDTA-Modified UiO-66-NH2\/Cotton Fabric Composite for Simultaneous Capture of Heavy Metals and Dyes and Efficient Degradation of Organophosphate","volume":"316","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2025.106948","article-title":"Cross-Linked Chitosan and Iron-Based Metal-Organic Framework Decoration on Waste Cellulosic Biomass for Pharmaceutical Pollutant Removal","volume":"196","author":"Kanmaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04085-2","article-title":"Efficient Adsorptive Removal of Hazardous Congo Red Dye Using Ce-BTC@microcrystalline Cellulose Composite","volume":"15","author":"Sayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2024.136463","article-title":"Efficient Adsorption of Fluorescein Sodium by Diatomite-Loaded Co-Doped MIL-125Ti","volume":"365","author":"Sheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2024.112153","article-title":"Construction of Novel HKUST-1 Supported Vermiculite Composite for Excellent Enhancing of Malachite Green Adsorption","volume":"226","author":"Kanmaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20202","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TA02063D","article-title":"Constructing a Highly Permeable Bioinspired Rigid-Flexible Coupled Membrane with a High Content of Spindle-Type MOF: Efficient Adsorption Separation of Water-Soluble Pollutants","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.131311","article-title":"Strategic Tuning of GO Ratios in CuBTC-GO Nanocomposites for next-Generation Tetracycline Adsorption: A Deep Dive into Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics","volume":"361","author":"Sethi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144135","article-title":"Evaluation of Metal-Organic Framework\/Layered Double Hydroxide-Embedded Sodium Alginate Beads for Effective Removal of Tartrazine Dye: A Comparative Analysis of RSM and ANN","volume":"311","author":"Ecer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145198","article-title":"Novel MIL-88B(Fe)\/ZnTi-LDH High-Low Junctions for Adsorption and Photodegradation of Tetracycline: Characteristics, Performance, and Mechanisms","volume":"473","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163666","article-title":"Delaminated Alk-MXene\/Co-MOF Composite Membranes for High-Efficiency Removal of Cr(VI) and Tetracycline: Design, Mechanism and DFT Calculation","volume":"515","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-025-06408-2","article-title":"Development of a UiO-66-NH2\/Cellulose Acetate Membrane for Efficient Removal of Pharmaceutical Contaminants from Wastewater","volume":"22","author":"Kazemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15421","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.4c02439","article-title":"Postsynthetically Modified Cationic, Robust MOF Featuring Selective Separation of Carboxylate-Containing Pharmaceutical Drugs from Water at Neutral PH: Elucidation of the Adsorption Mechanism by Theory and Experiments","volume":"63","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.150305","article-title":"Multi-Active-Site UiO-66-NO2-Based Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Sodium Alginate Composite Aerogel: Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange","volume":"340","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127034","article-title":"Efficient and Rapid Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dyes by Novel Metal-Organic Frameworks and Organic\/Inorganic Hybrid Alginate-Based Dual Network Gel Composites","volume":"253","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136844","article-title":"Arabic Gum-Grafted-Polyaniline@MnFe2O4\/UIO66-NH2 Bionanocomposite as Adsorbent for Quercetin Antioxidant: Efficiency, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Isotherm Modelling","volume":"282","author":"Jabbari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.03.068","article-title":"Preparation of Antimicrobial Composite from Arabic Gum-Grafted-Poly(p-Phenylene Diamine)\/MOF(Fe) Decorated with Cu Nanoparticles as a Unique Nanobiosorbent for Removal of Cloxacillin Antibiotic","volume":"95","author":"Motallebi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.136960","article-title":"Construction of a Flexible UiO-66 (Zr\/Hf) Based Nanofiber Membrane for Highly Efficient Naproxen Removal from Water","volume":"718","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118941","article-title":"Preparation of Zn\/Zr-MOFs by Microwave-Assisted Ball Milling and Adsorption of Lomefloxacin Hydrochloride and Levofloxacin Hydrochloride in Wastewater","volume":"252","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140914","article-title":"Recyclable ZIF-8 Inserted Boronic Acid-Modified Bacterial Nanocellulose Microspheres for Improved Tetracyclines Removal from Hoggery Wastewater","volume":"306","author":"Teng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-025-00470-6","article-title":"Analysis of Microstructure Properties of Ni-Fe MOFs and Their Influence on Selective Recognition of Single and Binary Dye Systems","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113164","article-title":"Nickel and Iron-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Removal of Organic and Inorganic Model Contaminants","volume":"212","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.107598","article-title":"Efficient Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Cationic Dyes Based on Rod-Shaped Rare-Earth-Based MOFs","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106860","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25919-4","article-title":"Efficiency and Selectivity of Cost-Effective Zn-MOF for Dye Removal, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approach","volume":"30","author":"Elsherbiny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03127-z","article-title":"In-Situ Copper-Based Metal\u2013Organic Framework Tailored Clay Synthesis for Efficient Pharmaceutical Removal: Comprehensive Adsorption and Optimization Studies","volume":"15","author":"Tutus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12735","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NJ01904D","article-title":"Eco-Engineered MIL53-NH2\/Xanthan Gum Nanocomposite: A Magnetic Biosorbent for Rapid Eradication of Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin in Polluted Waters","volume":"49","author":"Salehi","year":"2025","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CE00756F","article-title":"Recent Advances on Supramolecular Isomerism in Metal Organic Frameworks","volume":"19","author":"Karmakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214912","article-title":"MOFs with Bridging or Terminal Hydroxo Ligands: Applications in Adsorption, Catalysis, and Functionalization","volume":"475","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA12326C","article-title":"Arsenic Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Using Novel MIL-53(Fe) as a Highly Efficient Adsorbent","volume":"5","author":"Vu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7043198","article-title":"A Review on Breathing Behaviors of Metal-Organic-Frameworks (MOFs) for Gas Adsorption","volume":"7","author":"Alhamami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107144","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2-MIL-53(Fe) Metal-Organic Framework and Its Application for Efficient Removal of Arsenate from Surface and Groundwater","volume":"10","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/vjch.201900055","article-title":"Synthesis and Application of Novel Fe-MIL-53\/GO Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Dye from Aqueous Solution","volume":"57","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vietnam J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2016.05.028","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization of a Metal Organic Framework: MIL-53 (Fe) and Adsorption Mechanisms of Methyl Red onto MIL-53 (Fe)","volume":"65","author":"Sert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120659","article-title":"Defect-Rich Bimetallic UiO-66(Hf-Zr): Solvent-Free Rapid Synthesis and Robust Ambient-Temperature Oxidative Desulfurization Performance","volume":"299","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16554","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.4c02959","article-title":"One-Pot Preparation of Nitro-Functionalized Bimetallic UiO-66(Zr-Hf) with Hierarchical Porosity for Oxidative Desulfurization Performance","volume":"63","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35149-w","article-title":"Synthesis of Double-Shelled Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Nanospheres\/MIL-88A-Fe Composite and Its Elevated Performance for Pb2+ Removal in Water","volume":"13","author":"Ghodsinia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136573","article-title":"Ultra-Fast and Ultra-Efficient Removal of Cr (VI) by the Aqueous Solutions of Monolayer MXene (Ti3C2Tx)","volume":"308","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.10.028","article-title":"Internal Electric Field Induced S\u2013Scheme Heterojunction MoS2\/CoAl LDH for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution","volume":"585","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.12.019","article-title":"Assemblies of Nanoparticles of CeO2\u2013ZnTi-LDHs and Their Derived Mixed Oxides as Novel Photocatalytic Systems for Phenol Degradation","volume":"150\u2013151","author":"Seftel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.148662","article-title":"Effective and Structure-Controlled Adsorption of Tetracycline Hydrochloride from Aqueous Solution by Using Fe-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks","volume":"542","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2022.102171","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Surfactant-Modified Layered Double Hydroxide Magnetic Hybrid Composite and Its Application for Bisphenol A Adsorption: Statistical Optimization of Operational Variables","volume":"32","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.118452","article-title":"Enhanced Adsorption Removal of Levofloxacin Using Antibacterial LDH-Biochar Cross-Linked Chitosan\/PVA Beads through Batch and Column Approaches Comprehensive Isothermal and Kinetic Study","volume":"599","author":"Mosaffa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201000689","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption on MOFs and MOF\/Graphite Oxide Composites","volume":"11","author":"Petit","year":"2010","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-017-7452-y","article-title":"Graphene-Supported C\u2013N\u2013S Tridoped TiO2 Photo-Catalyst with Improved Band Gap and Charge Transfer Properties","volume":"28","author":"Hamadanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31683","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03720K","article-title":"Aminated Reduced Graphene Oxide-CuFe2O4 Nanohybride Adsorbent for Efficient Removal of Imidacloprid Pesticide","volume":"14","author":"Kamel","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.118548","article-title":"Graphene Oxide\/Fe (III)-Based Metal-Organic Framework Membrane for Enhanced Water Purification Based on Synergistic Separation and Photo-Fenton Processes","volume":"264","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do Nascimento, G.M. (2016). Charging Behavior of Clays and Clay Minerals in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions\u2014Experimental Methods for Measuring the Charge and Interpreting the Results. Clays, Clay Minerals and Ceramic Materials Based on Clay Minerals, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/60492"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.200","article-title":"Response Surface Modeling of Boron Adsorption from Aqueous Solution by Vermiculite Using Different Adsorption Agents: Box-Behnken Experimental Design","volume":"76","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"358","article-title":"Clay Minerals","volume":"40","author":"Huggett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ref. Modul. Earth Syst. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1260\/0263-6174.31.2-3.275","article-title":"Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Diatomite: Mechanism and Effect of Operating Variables","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.08.021","article-title":"Recent Advances in Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction: Coatings, Technical Improvements, and Applications","volume":"1139","author":"Hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110825","article-title":"Advances in Application of Cotton-Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metals Trapping, Surface Modifications and Future Perspectives","volume":"201","author":"Akpomie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.08.222","article-title":"A Magnetically Recyclable Chitosan Composite Adsorbent Functionalized with EDTA for Simultaneous Capture of Anionic Dye and Heavy Metals in Complex Wastewater","volume":"356","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11277","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c01036","article-title":"Fabrication of Monodisperse Magnetic Polystyrene Mesoporous Composite Microspheres for High-Efficiency Selective Adsorption and Rapid Separation of Cationic Dyes in Textile Industry Wastewater","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Dou, B., Jia, J., Liu, Y., and Zhang, N. (2023). A Study on the Structural and Digestive Properties of Rice Starch\u2013Hydrocolloid Complexes Treated with Heat\u2013Moisture Treatment. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12234241"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127938","article-title":"Utilization of Gel-Type Polystyrene Host for Immobilization of Nano-Sized Hydrated Zirconium Oxides: A New Strategy for Enhanced Phosphate Removal","volume":"263","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.142864","article-title":"New Strategy to Remove Phosphate from Low Concentration Solution by MOFs-Modified Resin: High Affinity and Thermal Desorption","volume":"465","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.06.052","article-title":"Robust Phosphate Capture over Inorganic Adsorbents Derived from Lanthanum Metal Organic Frameworks","volume":"326","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.01.033","article-title":"Bowknot-like Zr\/La Bimetallic Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Arsenate and Phosphate Removal: Combined Experimental and DFT Studies","volume":"614","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123056","article-title":"Efficient Removal of Mercury (II) from Water by Use of Cryogels and Comparison to Commercial Adsorbents under Environmentally Relevant Conditions","volume":"399","author":"Baimenov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2022.2029579","article-title":"The Adsorption Property of In-Situ Synthesis of MOF in Alginate Gel for Ofloxacin in the Wastewater","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16978","DOI":"10.1021\/ja509960n","article-title":"A Facile and General Coating Approach to Moisture\/Water-Resistant Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks with Intact Porosity","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7108","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35178a","article-title":"Deep Eutectic Solvents: Syntheses, Properties and Applications","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1039\/C1RA00630D","article-title":"Novel Choline-Chloride-Based Deep-Eutectic-Solvents with Renewable Hydrogen Bond Donors: Levulinic Acid and Sugar-Based Polyols","volume":"2","author":"Maugeri","year":"2012","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"S150","article-title":"Deep Eutectic Solvents for Biotechnology Applications","volume":"88","author":"Morozova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18712","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c08288","article-title":"Physicochemical Properties of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents with Polyols: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation","volume":"8","author":"Biernacki","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02290-7","article-title":"Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent Systems as a Pretreatment for Nanofibrillation of Ramie Fibers","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amoroso, R., Hollmann, F., and Maccallini, C. (2021). Choline Chloride-Based DES as Solvents\/Catalysts\/Chemical Donors in Pharmaceutical Synthesis. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206286"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8650","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB01407F","article-title":"Freezing-Triggered Gelation of Quaternized Chitosan Reinforced with Microfibrillated Cellulose for Highly Efficient Removal of Bilirubin","volume":"10","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118498","article-title":"Shapeable and Underwater Super-Elastic Cellulose Nanofiber\/Alginate Cryogels by Freezing-Induced Oxa-Michael Reaction for Efficient Protein Purification","volume":"272","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2015.05.014","article-title":"Adsorption and Removal of Tetracycline from Water by Petroleum Coke-Derived Highly Porous Activated Carbon","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00600","article-title":"Fast Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solution by Aluminosilicate Zeolite Nanoparticles with High Adsorption Capacity","volume":"3","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acs EsT Water"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2013.10.010","article-title":"Effect of Pore Size Distribution on Tetracycline Adsorption Using Magnetic Hypercrosslinked Resins","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12664","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b03531","article-title":"Assessing the Surface Area of Porous Solids: Limitations, Probe Molecules, and Methods","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2026.139182","article-title":"Boosting Open Metal Site Density in MOFs via Green Mechanochemistry-Assisted Exchange of Nitrogen-Rich Subligands for Superior Broad-Spectrum Adsorption","volume":"408","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.04.054","article-title":"Adsorption Mechanism of Phosphate and Arsenate in Water by Al-Doped Zr-Based MOF and Theoretical DFT Study","volume":"160","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41810","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c13563","article-title":"A Water-Stable Cationic Metal\u2013Organic Framework with Hydrophobic Pore Surfaces as an Efficient Scavenger of Oxo-Anion Pollutants from Water","volume":"12","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135204","article-title":"The Design of High-Efficient MOFs for Selective Ag(I) Capture: DFT Calculations and Practical Applications","volume":"476","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2022.03.005","article-title":"Application of Metal Organic Framework in Wastewater Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01309","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202501309","article-title":"Advancing Environmental Remediation with Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks: Perspectives on Green Synthesis, Scale-Up Strategies, Techno-Economic Analysis, and Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-025-00514-x","article-title":"Advancing Wastewater Treatment with Green and Scalable Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks: From Synthetic Strategies to Real-World Deployment","volume":"8","author":"Iroegbu","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122980","article-title":"Fixed-Bed Adsorption Studies of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds from Water by Using Novel Calcium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks","volume":"341","author":"Sukatis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/19\/1271\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:47:06Z","timestamp":1791460026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/19\/1271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16191271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16191271","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]}}}