{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:58:30Z","timestamp":1760241510304,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]],"date-time":"2018-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To apply CuInSe2 (CIS)-based printable solar batteries; an aqueous phase synthesis method of Cu-In (CI) alloy nanoparticles is studied. Metal complexes in the original solution are restricted to homogenized species by utilizing calculations. For example; [(Cu2+)(ASP2\u2212)2] [ASP: the \u201cbody (C4H5O4N)\u201d of aspartic acid (C4H7O4N)] is predominant in the pH 6\u201313 region (CASP\/CCu &gt; 6); while In complexes can be restricted to [(In3+)(OH\u2212)(EDTA4\u2212)] (pH 10\u201312; CEDTA\/CIn = 2) and\/or [(In3+)(ASP2\u2212)2] (pH 7\u20139; CASP\/CIn = 5). These results indicate that the added amount of complex reagents should be determined by calculations and not the stoichiometric ratio. The reduction potential of homogenized metal complex is measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements and evaluated by Nernst\u2019s equation using the overall stability constants. CuIn alloy nanoparticles with a small amount of byproduct (In nanoparticles) are successfully synthesized. The CI precursor films are spin-coated onto the substrate using a 2-propanol dispersion. Then the films are converted into CIS solar cells; which show a maximum conversion efficiency of 2.30%. The relationship between the open circuit potential; short circuit current density; and fill factor indicate that smoothing of the CIS films and improving the crystallinity and thickness increase the solar cell conversion efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8040221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1523365568000},"page":"221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Aqueous Phase Synthesis of CuIn Alloy Nanoparticles and Their Application for a CIS (CuInSe2)-Based Printable Solar Battery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate school of Environmental studies, Environmentally Benign Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hironari","family":"Fujiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate school of Environmental studies, Environmentally Benign Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate school of Environmental studies, Environmentally Benign Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corp. Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Div., Osaka 571-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Tohji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate school of Environmental studies, Environmentally Benign Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"BP Group (2014). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014, BP Group. [63rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, IPCC.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) (2014). 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