{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:01:17Z","timestamp":1790211677596,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The management of parasites, insect pests and vectors requests development of novel, effective and eco-friendly tools. The development of resistance towards many drugs and pesticides pushed scientists to look for novel bioactive compounds endowed with multiple modes of action, and with no risk to human health and environment. Several natural products are used as alternative\/complementary approaches to manage parasites, insect pests and vectors due to their high efficacy and often limited non-target toxicity. Their encapsulation into nanosystems helps overcome some hurdles related to their physicochemical properties, for instance limited stability and handling, enhancing the overall efficacy. Among different nanosystems, micro- and nanoemulsions are easy-to-use systems in terms of preparation and industrial scale-up. Different reports support their efficacy against parasites of medical importance, including Leishmania, Plasmodium and Trypanosoma as well as agricultural and stored product insect pests and vectors of human diseases, such as Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Overall, micro- and nanoemulsions are valid options for developing promising eco-friendly tools in pest and vector management, pending proper field validation. Future research on the improvement of technical aspects as well as chronic toxicity experiments on non-target species is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T04:12:40Z","timestamp":1568002360000},"page":"1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Green Micro- and Nanoemulsions for Managing Parasites, Vectors and Pests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lucia","family":"Pavoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant\u2019Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Pavela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06 Prague 6, Ruzyne, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cespi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant\u2019Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Bonacucina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant\u2019Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1375-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant\u2019Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Zeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Canale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bruschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8971-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Benelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0309-1","article-title":"Nano-emulsions and micro-emulsions: Clarifications of the critical differences","volume":"28","author":"Anton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2003.10.023","article-title":"Formation and stability of nano-emulsions","volume":"108","author":"Tadros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/187221108786241679","article-title":"Microemulsions: A Novel Approach to Enhanced Drug Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Talegaonkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"97","article-title":"Microemulsions in the pharmaceutical field: Perspectives and applications","volume":"66","author":"Gasco","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surfactant Sci. Ser."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1039\/C2SM06903B","article-title":"Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: Terminology, differences, and similarities","volume":"8","author":"McClements","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200094m","article-title":"Formation of flavor oil microemulsions, nanoemulsions and emulsions: Influence of composition and preparation method","volume":"59","author":"Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6622(81)80064-9","article-title":"The definition of microemulsion","volume":"3","author":"Danielsson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Colloids Surf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/152102a0","article-title":"Transparent Water-in-Oil Dispersions: The Oleopathic Hydro-Micelle","volume":"152","author":"Hoar","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-014-0139-5","article-title":"Microemulsions: A novel approach to enhanced oil recovery: A review","volume":"5","author":"Bera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavoni, L., Benelli, G., Maggi, F., and Bonacucina, G. (2019). Green nanoemulsion interventions for biopesticide formulations. Nano-Biopesticides Today and Future Perspectives, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815829-6.00005-X"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1155\/S1110662X04000157","article-title":"Health effects, environmental impacts, and photochemical degradation of selected surfactants in water","volume":"6","author":"Venhuis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Photoenergy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12365467","article-title":"Surfactant-induced stratum corneum hydration in vivo: Prediction of the irritation potential of anionic surfactants","volume":"101","author":"Wilhelm","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.018","article-title":"Microemulsion-based media as novel drug delivery systems","volume":"64","author":"Lawrence","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1021\/j150580a027","article-title":"Mechanism of Formation and Structure of Micro Emulsions by Electron Microscopy","volume":"63","author":"Schulman","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00408-1","article-title":"Effects of alcohols and diols on the phase behaviour of quaternary systems","volume":"196","author":"Alany","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(87)90322-5","article-title":"The theory of diffusion in microemulsion","volume":"120","author":"Lam","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2012.07.004","article-title":"Effect of processing parameters on physicochemical characteristics of microfluidized lemongrass essential oil-alginate nanoemulsions","volume":"30","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1021\/jf500160y","article-title":"Optimization of orange oil nanoemulsion formation by isothermal low-energy methods: Influence of the oil phase, surfactant, and temperature","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadros, T. (2013). Ostwald Ripening BT Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20665-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12056","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304045a","article-title":"Physical properties and antimicrobial efficacy of thyme oil nanoemulsions: Influence of ripening inhibitors","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001","article-title":"Design of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems of natural antimicrobials: Effect of the emulsifier","volume":"159","author":"Annunziata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1039\/C2FO10198J","article-title":"Influence of droplet size on the efficacy of oil-in-water emulsions loaded with phenolic antimicrobials","volume":"3","author":"Terjung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Shah, D., and Micelles, D.O. (1998). Microemulsions and Monolayers: Science and Technology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8686(94)80035-9","article-title":"Organic and bioorganic reactions in microemulsions","volume":"51","author":"Holmberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0294(03)00019-0","article-title":"Synthesis of nanomaterials in microemulsions: Formation mechanisms and growth control","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1021\/jf300609p","article-title":"Improving the oral bioavailability of curcumin using novel organogel-based nanoemulsions","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804306-6.00012-X","article-title":"Production, Stability and Application of Micro and Nanoemulsion in Food Production and the food Processing Industry","volume":"3","author":"Saifullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emulsions"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029905001068","article-title":"Chemical and sensory analysis of strawberry flavoured yogurt supplemented with an algae oil emulsion","volume":"72","author":"Chee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-011-0683-7","article-title":"Nanoemulsions for Food Applications: Development and Characterization","volume":"5","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.07.005","article-title":"Essential oil nanoemulsions as antimicrobial agents in food","volume":"233","author":"Donsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2016.10.004","article-title":"Gelatin-based films reinforced with montmorillonite and activated with nanoemulsion of ginger essential oil for food packaging applications","volume":"10","author":"Alexandre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690590956710","article-title":"Microemulsions: A potential delivery system for bioactives in food","volume":"46","author":"Flanagan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/01932690902735561","article-title":"Surfactants used in food industry: A review","volume":"30","author":"Kralova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dispers. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.08.022","article-title":"The novel formulation design of O\/W microemulsion for improving the gastrointestinal absorption of poorly water soluble compounds","volume":"305","author":"Araya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21423","article-title":"Colloidal Soft Matter as Drug Delivery System","volume":"98","author":"Bonacucina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"990","article-title":"Uses and applications of microemulsions","volume":"80","author":"Paul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Sci. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(00)00343-6","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate microemulsions for oral delivery","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.08.015","article-title":"Docetaxel microemulsion for enhanced oral bioavailability: Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"140","author":"Yin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1021\/js970258w","article-title":"Triglyceride-based microemulsion for intravenous administration of sparingly soluble substances","volume":"87","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.05.051","article-title":"Parenteral nanoemulsions of risperidone for enhanced brain delivery in acute psychosis: Physicochemical and in vivo performances","volume":"533","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21177","article-title":"Biocompatible microemulsions and their prospective uses in drug delivery","volume":"97","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"520","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Nanoemulsions: An Insight","volume":"9","author":"Majeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20480","article-title":"Intranasal Mucoadhesive Microemulsions of Clonazepam: Preliminary Studies on Brain Targeting","volume":"95","author":"Vyas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-1129","article-title":"Effect of polyethylene glycol linker chain length of folate-linked microemulsions loading aclacinomycln A on targeting ability and antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Shiokawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina-P\u00e9rez, G., Fern\u00e1ndez-Luque\u00f1o, F., Campos-Montiel, R.G., S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, K.B., Afanador-Barajas, L.N., and Prince, L. (2019). Nanotechnology in crop protection: Status and future trends. Nano-Biopesticides Today and Future Perspectives, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815829-6.00002-4"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khater, H., Govindarajan, M., and Benelli, G. (2017). Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites, InTech, BoD\u2013Books on Demand.","DOI":"10.5772\/63275"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b01058","article-title":"Optimization and Characterization of Biocompatible Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion for Pesticide Delivery","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlatti, B., de Souza Bergo, P.L., Fernandes, J.B., and Forim, M.R. (2013). Polymeric nanoparticle-based insecticides: A controlled release purpose for agrochemicals. Insecticides-Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/53355"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2009.08.034","article-title":"Stability of triazophos in self-nanoemulsifying pesticide delivery system","volume":"350","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.01.019","article-title":"Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for specialty industrial materials","volume":"34","author":"Lubbe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2296(00)31006-0","article-title":"Structure and function of secretory cells","volume":"31","author":"Fahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146","article-title":"Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world","volume":"51","author":"Isman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0006","article-title":"Residential exposure to pesticide during childhood and childhood cancers: A meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12111","article-title":"An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides","volume":"50","author":"Goulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"11","article-title":"The insecticide resistance action committee (IRAC): Public responsibility and enlightened industrial self-interest","volume":"17","author":"McCaffery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Outlooks Pest Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1089\/ind.2006.2.194","article-title":"The biopesticide market for global agricultural use","volume":"2","author":"Thakore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4088","article-title":"A renaissance for botanical insecticides?","volume":"71","author":"Isman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.17221\/31\/2016-PPS","article-title":"History, presence and perspective of using plant extracts as commercial botanical insecticides and farm products for protection against insects\u2014A review","volume":"52","author":"Pavela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Prot. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Regnault-Roger, C., Philogene, B.J.R., and Vincent, C. (2005). Problems and opportunities for the commercialization of botanical insecticides. Biopesticides of Plant Origin, Lavoisier."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2005.08.001","article-title":"A review of alternatives to organophosphorus compounds for the control of storage mites","volume":"42","author":"Collins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00078-8","article-title":"Toxic effect of synthetic pyrethroid permethrin on the enzyme system of the freshwater fish Channa striatus","volume":"39","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Guleria, S., and Jammu, T. (2009). Integrated Pest Management: Innovation-Development Process, Springer."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2016.1214834","article-title":"Neem (Azadirachta indica): Towards the ideal insecticide?","volume":"31","author":"Benelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00153-8","article-title":"Azadirachtin, a neem biopesticide: Subchronic toxicity assessment in rats","volume":"39","author":"Raizada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehlhorn, H., Al-Rasheid, K.A.S., and Abdel-Ghaffar, F. (2011). The Neem tree story: Extracts that really work. Nature Helps, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19382-8_4"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.10.005","article-title":"Essential Oils as Ecofriendly Biopesticides? Challenges and Constraints","volume":"21","author":"Pavela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods\u2014A review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900716","article-title":"Evaluation of the acute toxicity to juvenile Pacific coho salmon and rainbow trout of some plant essential oils, a formulated product, and the carrier","volume":"60","author":"Stroh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.11.073","article-title":"Microemulsions for delivery of Apiaceae essential oils\u2014Towards highly effective and eco-friendly mosquito larvicides?","volume":"129","author":"Pavela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, N.K. (2011). Natural Products in Plant Pest Management, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845936716.0000"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isman, M.B. (2010). Botanical Insecticides, Deterrents, Repellents and Oils, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845936167.0433"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"63","article-title":"Essential oils as green pesticides: Potential and constraints","volume":"4","author":"Koul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biopestic. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.07.048","article-title":"Repellent activity of essential oils: A review","volume":"101","author":"Nerio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.06.050","article-title":"Essential oils for the development of eco-friendly mosquito larvicides: A review","volume":"76","author":"Pavela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2010.05.008","article-title":"Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin","volume":"29","author":"Rattan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01428.x","article-title":"A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol","volume":"91","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030147","article-title":"The mechanism of antifungal action of essential oil from dill (Anethum graveolens L.) on Aspergillus flavus","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4581.2004.tb00046.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of spices 1","volume":"12","author":"Ceylan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052722l","article-title":"Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media","volume":"54","author":"Hoskins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(01)00255-1","article-title":"Insecticidal activity of essential oils: Octopaminergic sites of action","volume":"130","author":"Enan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankowska, M., Rogalska, J., Wyszkowska, J., and Stankiewicz, M. (2018). Molecular targets for components of essential oils in the insect nervous system\u2014A review. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010034"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357022773","article-title":"Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by tea tree oil","volume":"56","author":"Mills","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705542","article-title":"Thymol, a constituent of thyme essential oil, is a positive allosteric modulator of human GABAA receptors and a homo\u2013oligomeric GABA receptor from Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"140","author":"Priestley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.12.007","article-title":"Molecular response of Drosophila Melanogaster Tyramine Receptor Cascade to Plant Essential Oils","volume":"35","author":"Enan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-2194(00)00079-X","article-title":"Plant essential oils for pest and disease management","volume":"19","author":"Isman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.01.012","article-title":"Acute larvicidal toxicity of five essential oils (Pinus nigra, Hyssopus officinalis, Satureja montana, Aloysia citrodora and Pelargonium graveolens) against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus: Synergistic and antagonistic effects","volume":"66","author":"Benelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4614-9","article-title":"Acute toxicity and synergistic and antagonistic effects of the aromatic compounds of some essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae","volume":"114","author":"Pavela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12006","article-title":"Stability of essential oils: A review","volume":"12","author":"Turek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-010-9170-4","article-title":"Commercial opportunities for pesticides based on plant essential oils in agriculture, industry and consumer products","volume":"10","author":"Isman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4800-9","article-title":"Plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles as an emerging tool against mosquitoes of medical and veterinary importance: A review","volume":"115","author":"Benelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3288-4","article-title":"Fabrication, characterization and mosquito larvicidal bioassay of silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous fruit extract of putranjiva, Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.)","volume":"112","author":"Haldar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.021","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles\u2013against parasites and insect vectors","volume":"178","author":"Benelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0661","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the control of mosquito vectors of malaria, filariasis, and dengue","volume":"12","author":"Arjunan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.06.007","article-title":"Perspectives for nano-biotechnology enabled protection and nutrition of plants","volume":"29","author":"Ghormade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.12.046","article-title":"Saponaria officinalis-synthesized silver nanocrystals as effective biopesticides and oviposition inhibitors against Tetranychus urticae Koch","volume":"97","author":"Pavela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3367","article-title":"Microemulsions enhance the shelf-life and processability of Smyrnium olusatrum L. essential oil","volume":"32","author":"Cespi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-018-01076-3","article-title":"Rationale for developing novel mosquito larvicides based on isofuranodiene microemulsions","volume":"92","author":"Pavela","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.06.061","article-title":"Antifungal activity of nano emulsions of neem and citronella oils against phytopathogenic fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii","volume":"108","author":"Shakil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavoni, L., Maggi, F., Mancianti, F., Nardoni, S., Ebani, V.V., Cespi, M., Bonacucina, G., and Palmieri, G.F. (2019). Microemulsions: An effective encapsulation tool to enhance the antimicrobial activity of selected EOs. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.05.050"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7548","DOI":"10.1021\/jf301129k","article-title":"Physical and antimicrobial properties of peppermint oil nanoemulsions","volume":"60","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasson, Y., Levy-Ruso, G., Toledano, O., and Ishaaya, I. (2007). Nanosuspensions: Emerging novel agrochemical formulations. Insecticides Design Using Advanced Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-46907-0_1"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2014.07.012","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of food-grade emulsions and nanoemulsions incorporating essential oils","volume":"43","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1603\/EC12191","article-title":"Evaluation of acute toxicity of essential oil of garlic (Allium sativum) and its selected major constituent compounds against overwintering Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","volume":"106","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2010.01592.x","article-title":"Repellency and toxicity of plant-based essential oils and their constituents against Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","volume":"136","author":"Mann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2138","article-title":"Composition and biological activity of essential oils from Labiatae against Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) soybean pest","volume":"67","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tov075","article-title":"Insecticidal Potential of Clove Essential Oil and Its Constituents on Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Laboratory and Field","volume":"108","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-12-22","article-title":"Development of an insecticidal nanoemulsion with Manilkara subsericea (Sapotaceae) extract","volume":"12","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3388","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of the effects of Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard extracts and triterpenes on the development of Dysdercus peruvianus and Oncopeltus fasciatus","volume":"69","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.01.014","article-title":"Insecticidal effects of canatoxin on the cotton stainer bug Dysdercus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)","volume":"45","author":"Mulinari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEC.0000006428.00568.c5","article-title":"Behavioral and Sublethal Effects of Structurally Related Lower Terpenes on Myzus persicae","volume":"23","author":"Fereres","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, O., Cabrera, R., Gimenez, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Coloma, A., S\u00e1nchez-Vioque, R., De los Mozos-Pascual, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Conde, M.F., Laserna-Ruiz, I., Usano-Alemany, J., and Herraiz, D. (2012). Perfil qu\u00edmico y biol\u00f3gico de aceites esenciales de plantas arom\u00e1ticas de inter\u00e9s agro-industrial en Castilla-La Mancha (Espa\u00f1a). Grasas Y Aceites, 63.","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.129611"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Blackman, R.L., and Eastop, V.F. (2000). Aphids on the World\u2019s Crops: An Identification and Information Guide, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5722","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b00246","article-title":"Biocompatible colloidal dispersions as potential formulations of natural pyrethrins: A structural and efficacy study","volume":"31","author":"Kalaitzaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.05.019","article-title":"Use of nanoemulsions of plant essential oils as aphid repellents","volume":"110","author":"Vallejo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackman, R.L., and Eastop, V.F. (2007). Taxonomic issues. Aphids Crop Pests, 1\u201329.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851998190.0001"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1352413","article-title":"Mosquito molecular genetics: The hands that feed bite back","volume":"257","author":"James","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1768-y","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes in India: Required duration of mass drug administration and post-treatment level of infection indicators","volume":"9","author":"Jambulingam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2017\/0496","article-title":"Mosquito vectors of Zika virus","volume":"36","author":"Benelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entomol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-016-0234-5","article-title":"Pterodon emarginatus oleoresin-based nanoemulsion as a promising tool for Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) control","volume":"15","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2015.02.010","article-title":"Evaluation of larvicidal activity of a nanoemulsion of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil","volume":"25","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"S321","article-title":"Formulation and characterization of plant essential oil based nanoemulsion: Evaluation of its larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti","volume":"25","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9118-y","article-title":"Development of nanoemulsion from Vitex negundo Lessential oil and their efficacy of antioxidant antimicrobial and larvicidal activities (Aedes aegypti L.)","volume":"24","author":"Balasubramani","year":"2017","journal-title":") Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.11.2631","article-title":"Antimicrobial Efficacy of Eugenol Microemulsions in Milk against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"70","author":"Gaysinsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2233","article-title":"Neem oil (Azadirachta indica) nanoemulsion-a potent larvicidal agent against Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"68","author":"Anjali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485313000710","article-title":"Nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil and its larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"104","author":"Sugumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.11.007","article-title":"Nanoencapsulated Illicium verum Hook. f. essential oil as an effective novel plant-based preservative against aflatoxin B1 production and free radical generation","volume":"111","author":"Dwivedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2011.01.001","article-title":"Comparison of seven methods for stored cereal losses to insects for their application in rural conditions","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magan, N., Hope, R., Cairns, V., and Aldred, D. (2003). Post-harvest fungal ecology: Impact of fungal growth and mycotoxin accumulation in stored grain. Epidemiology of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1452-5_7"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-474X(95)00036-7","article-title":"Quinone contamination of dehusked rice by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","volume":"32","author":"Hodges","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.12.042","article-title":"Chemical composition, toxicity and growth inhibitory activities of essential oils of three Achillea species and their nano-emulsions against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)","volume":"53","author":"Nenaah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18802","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2068-1","article-title":"Pimpinella anisum essential oil nanoemulsions against Tribolium castaneum\u2014Insecticidal activity and mode of action","volume":"25","author":"Hashem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2013.11.019","article-title":"Insecticidal activity of eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion with karanja and jatropha aqueous filtrates","volume":"91","author":"Pant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2009.10.006","article-title":"Physico-chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity from seed oil of Pongamia pinnata, a potential biofuel crop","volume":"34","author":"Kesari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Efficacy of non-edible oil seedcakes against termite (Odontotermes obesus)","volume":"70","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3923\/ajcs.2017.50.62","article-title":"Nanoemulsion of camphor (Eucalyptus globulus) essential oil, formulation, characterization and insecticidal activity against wheat weevil, Sitophilus granarius","volume":"9","author":"Mossa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D17-032","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of neem oil nanoemulsion formulations against Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum adults","volume":"42","author":"Choupanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pestic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05403","article-title":"Insects as chemosensors of humans and crops","volume":"444","author":"Carlson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200800225","article-title":"Effective insect repellent formulation in both surfactantless and classical microemulsions with a long-lasting protection for human beings","volume":"6","author":"Drapeau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.01.046","article-title":"Trends in insect repellent formulations: A review","volume":"539","author":"Tavares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2016.1220564","article-title":"Development and characterization of repellent formulations based on nanostructured hydrogels","volume":"43","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01183.x","article-title":"DEET mosquito repellent sold through social marketing provides personal protection against malaria in an area of all\u2013night mosquito biting and partial coverage of insecticide\u2013treated nets: A case\u2013control study of effectiveness","volume":"9","author":"Rowland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/009841096161456","article-title":"Neurotoxicity resulting from coexposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin: Implications of Gulf War chemical exposures","volume":"48","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. Part A"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(97)00379-7","article-title":"Formulation of topical insect repellent N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET): Vehicle effects on DEET in vitro skin permeation","volume":"163","author":"Qiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, S.J., Lenglet, A., and Hill, N. (2006). Plant-based insect repellents. Insect Repellents: Principles Methods, and Use, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420006650.ch14"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90084-2","article-title":"Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae: Ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning","volume":"96","author":"Seyoum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.03.002","article-title":"Plant based products: Use and development as repellents against mosquitoes: A review","volume":"95","author":"Rehman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.1.113","article-title":"Evaluation of extracts and oils of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) repellent plants from Sweden and Guinea-Bissau","volume":"43","author":"Jaenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"210","article-title":"Botanical derivatives in mosquito control: A review","volume":"7","author":"Sukumar","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of environment-friendly insect repellents from the leaf oils of selected Malaysian plants","volume":"6","author":"Jantan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Asean Rev. Biodivers. Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"146","article-title":"Repellency of aromatic medicinal plant extracts and a steam distillate to Aedes aegypti","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-009-9323-1","article-title":"In Vitro Characterization and Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Repellent Activity of Essential-Oils-Loaded Nanoemulsions","volume":"10","author":"Nuchuchua","year":"2009","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.12.029","article-title":"Characterization and mosquito repellent activity of citronella oil nanoemulsion","volume":"372","author":"Sakulku","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2006.05.014","article-title":"Microemulsions as transdermal drug delivery vehicles","volume":"123\u2013126","author":"Kogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/26.5.523","article-title":"The Effect of Lactic Acid on Odour-Related Host Preference of Yellow Fever Mosquitoes","volume":"26","author":"Steib","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.5.653","article-title":"Synergistic Attraction of Aedes aegypti (L.) to Binary Blends of L-Lactic Acid and Acetone, Dichloromethane, or Dimethyl Disulfide","volume":"40","author":"Bernier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navayan, A., Moghimipour, E., Khodayar, M.J., Vazirianzadeh, B., Siahpoosh, A., Valizadeh, M., and Mansourzadeh, Z. (2017). Evaluation of the Mosquito Repellent Activity of Nano-sized Microemulsion of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil Against Culicinae. Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod., 12.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjnpp.55626"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/99.6.2015","article-title":"Efficacy and persistence of rosemary oil as an acaricide against twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on greenhouse tomato","volume":"99","author":"Miresmailli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2005.05.003","article-title":"Insecticidal and acaricidal effect of three Lamiaceae plant essential oils against Tetranychus urticae Koch and Bemisia tabaci Genn","volume":"23","author":"Aslan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.04.011","article-title":"Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis essential oils on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)","volume":"48","author":"Laborda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2216","article-title":"Fumigant toxicity of lemon eucalyptus oil constituents to acaricide\u2013Susceptible and acaricide\u2013Resistant Tetranychus urticae","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-97.2.553","article-title":"Toxicity of plant essential oils to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)","volume":"97","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.016","article-title":"The preparation of neem oil microemulsion (Azadirachta indica) and the comparison of acaricidal time between neem oil microemulsion and other formulations in vitro","volume":"169","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"15","article-title":"Enhancement of acaricide activity of citronella oil after microemulsion preparation","volume":"67","author":"Chaisri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00024","article-title":"Targeting of insect epicuticular lipids by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria Bassiana: Hydrocarbon oxidation within the context of a host-pathogen interaction","volume":"4","author":"Pedrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-017-0171-5","article-title":"Nanostructured cinnamon oil has the potential to control Rhipicephalus microplus ticks on cattle","volume":"73","author":"Boito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"494","article-title":"Archivos de Zootecnia","volume":"67","author":"Federal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Sci. Anim. Sci. Zool."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2015.1010045","article-title":"Influence of rosemary, andiroba and copaiba essential oils on different stages of the biological cycle of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Volpato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10526","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0752-1","article-title":"Formulation and characterization of garlic (Allium sativum L.) essential oil nanoemulsion and its acaricidal activity on eriophyid olive mites (Acari: Eriophyidae)","volume":"25","author":"Mossa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/01647954.2018.1523225","article-title":"Preparation and characterizations of essential oil and monoterpene nanoemulsions and acaricidal activity against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)","volume":"44","author":"Badawy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echeverr\u00eda, J., de Albuquerque, D.G., and Diego, R. (2019). Nanoemulsions of essential oils: New tool for control of vector\u2013borne diseases and in vitro effects on some parasitic agents. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6020042"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2857-8","article-title":"Toxoplasma infection in individuals in central Italy: Does a gender-linked risk exist?","volume":"36","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00057-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-17","article-title":"Treatment of toxoplasmosis: Historical perspective, animal models, and current clinical practice","volume":"31","author":"Dunay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.02.018","article-title":"Nanoemulsion of atovaquone as a promising approach for treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"117","author":"Azami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruschi, F., and Gradoni, L. (2018). The Leishmaniases: Old Neglected Tropical Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72386-0"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2018.1463221","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity of sulphonamide nanoemulsions targeting the \u03b2-carbonic anhydrase from Leishmania species","volume":"33","author":"Vermelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.03.005","article-title":"Effects of nanoemulsions prepared with essential oils of copaiba and andiroba against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis infections","volume":"187","author":"Tavares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65101","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/28\/6\/065101","article-title":"Development and evaluation of zinc phthalocyanine nanoemulsions for use in photodynamic therapy for Leishmania spp.","volume":"28","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"622","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity of Lavandula angustifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and nano-emulsions on Leishmania major (MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER)","volume":"12","author":"Shokri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.08.015","article-title":"Chemical composition of Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and their antileishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant activities","volume":"111","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.03.035","article-title":"Trypanocidal activity of the essential oils in their conventional and nanoemulsion forms: In vitro tests","volume":"134","author":"Baldissera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_182","unstructured":"(2018). World Malaria Report 2018, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.12.052","article-title":"Arteether nanoemulsion for enhanced efficacy against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis malaria: An approach by enhanced bioavailability","volume":"126","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00228-0","article-title":"Economic effects of echinococcosis","volume":"85","author":"Torgerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050499","article-title":"Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis","volume":"12","author":"Budke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.06.003","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antihydatid activity of a nano emulsion of Zataria multiflora essential oil","volume":"114","author":"Moazeni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2016.1201546","article-title":"Chemical composition and scolicidal activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil","volume":"29","author":"Mahmoudvand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.07.002","article-title":"Phylogenetic pattern, evolutionary processes and species delimitation in the genus Echinococcus","volume":"Volume 95","author":"Lymbery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001621","article-title":"In vitro and ex vivo activity of Melaleuca alternifolia against protoscoleces of Echinococcus ortleppi","volume":"144","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-012-9254-4","article-title":"Botanical nematicides in the mediterranean basin","volume":"11","author":"Ntalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-017-9491-7","article-title":"A review of isothiocyanates biofumigation activity on plant parasitic nematodes","volume":"16","author":"Ntalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9929","DOI":"10.1021\/jf303107j","article-title":"Botanical nematicides: A review","volume":"60","author":"Ntalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caboni, P., and Ntalli, N.G. (2014). Botanical nematicides, recent findings. Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities, ACS Publications.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2014-1172.ch011"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2070","article-title":"Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of terpenes against Meloidogyne incognita and the nematicidal activity of essential oils from seven plants indigenous to Greece","volume":"67","author":"Ntalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7856","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100797m","article-title":"Phytochemistry and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from 8 Greek Lamiaceae aromatic plants and 13 terpene components","volume":"58","author":"Ntalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_196","unstructured":"Kim, C.T., Kim, C.J., Cho, Y.J., Choi, S.W., and Choi, A.J. (2010). Nanoemulsion and Nanoparticle Containing Plant Essential Oil and Method of Production Thereof. (US20100136207A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"Magdassi, S., Dayan, B., and Levi-Ruso, G. (2015). Pesticide Nanoparticles Obtained from Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions. (US9095133B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"Enan, E., Porpiglia, P.J., and Lindner, G.J. (2012). Methods for Pest Control Employing Microemulsion-Based Enhanced Pest Control Formulations. (US20120251641A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_199","unstructured":"(2019, August 02). ECHA REACH Guidance for Nanomaterials Published. Available online: https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/it\/-\/reach-guidance-for-nanomaterials-published."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.033","article-title":"Considerations of nano-QSAR\/QSPR models for nanopesticide risk assessment within the European legislative framework","volume":"634","author":"Villaverde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200900179","article-title":"Toward the Development of Nano-QSARs: Advances and Challenges","volume":"5","author":"Puzyn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.05.014","article-title":"Advancing risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials: Application of computational approaches","volume":"64","author":"Gajewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.10","article-title":"Using nano-QSAR to predict the cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Puzyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.09.107","article-title":"3D QSAR CoMFA\/CoMSIA, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies of fullerene-based HIV-1 PR inhibitors","volume":"18","author":"Durdagi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/9\/9\/1285\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:17:52Z","timestamp":1760188672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/9\/9\/1285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano9091285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano9091285","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]}}}