{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:20:32Z","timestamp":1767835232841,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gifu University of Medical Science","award":["A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ncRNA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cleft palate is a birth defect associated with environmental and genetic factors. Disturbance of microRNAs (miRNAs) and exposure to medicinal agents during pregnancy can cause cleft palate. Although an association between medicine-induced cleft palate and miRNAs has been suggested, it remains to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying mycophenolate mofetil (MPM)-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and miRNA expression in human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) cells. Methods: Cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle-related markers were evaluated 48 h after MPM treatment. In addition, miRNA levels and expression of their downstream genes were measured, and a rescue experiment was performed using miR-4680-3p and\/or let-7c-5p inhibitors. Results: MPM dose-dependently reduced HEPM cell viability. Additionally, MPM treatment suppressed cyclin-D1, cyclin E1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-2, and CDK6 expression in HEPM cells. Furthermore, MPM upregulated miR-4680-3p and let-7c-5p expression and downregulated the downstream genes of each miRNA. Moreover, miR-4680-3p and\/or let-7c-5p inhibitors alleviated MPM-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. Conclusions: These results suggest that MPM-induced cleft palate is associated with miR-4680-3p and let-7c-5p expression in HEPM cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna11010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T04:00:28Z","timestamp":1738900828000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cleft Palate Induced by Mycophenolate Mofetil Is Associated with miR-4680-3p and let-7c-5p in Human Palate Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0977-434X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0293, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanane","family":"Horita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Tsukiboshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6582-3129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisaka","family":"Kurita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6474-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8388-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichi","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babai, A., and Irving, M. 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