{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:14:43Z","timestamp":1790025283836,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ncRNA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small non-coding RNAs constitute a dynamic epigenetic layer in mature spermatozoa that can exert transgenerational regulatory functions. Here, we review recent advances in the field of small RNAs in spermatozoa, how their profiles change in response to lifestyle or environmental factors, and their impact on offsprings\u2019 physiology. The profile of these RNAs changes dramatically during spermatozoa maturation. The majority of intracellular small RNAs during early spermatogenesis are miRNAs and piRNAs, but, in mature spermatozoa, tRNA- and rRNA-derived fragments (tRFs and rRFs, respectively) are the predominant forms, primarily delivered from the epididymis via extracellular vesicles. Diet, exercise, and environmental exposures have a direct effect on small RNA levels in spermatozoa, and this differential abundance can reprogram the development of the embryo. Offsprings of fathers with different lifestyles can have different phenotypes, including altered metabolism or behavior. Therefore, small RNAs in spermatozoa are emerging as an important epigenetic layer in development and transgenerational inheritance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna11010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T04:44:03Z","timestamp":1739162643000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Small Non-Coding RNA Profile of Human and Mouse Sperm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yoon Sing","family":"Yap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Patrizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Cimmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Sdrimas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, West Virginia Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1575-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristeidis G.","family":"Telonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D891","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1049","article-title":"Ensembl 2024","volume":"52","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00662-1","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Nemeth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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