{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:08:48Z","timestamp":1760242128887,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,30]],"date-time":"2018-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1138950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1138950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ncRNA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing evidence that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important for normal reproductive development, yet very few lncRNAs have been identified in phalluses so far. Unlike eutherians, phallus development in the marsupial tammar wallaby occurs post-natally, enabling manipulation not possible in eutherians in which differentiation occurs in utero. We treated with sex steroids to determine the effects of androgen and oestrogen on lncRNA expression during phallus development. Hormonal manipulations altered the coding and non-coding gene expression profile of phalluses. We identified several predicted co-regulatory lncRNAs that appear to be co-expressed with the hormone-responsive candidate genes regulating urethral closure and phallus growth, namely IGF1, AR and ESR1. Interestingly, more than 50% of AR-associated coding genes and lncRNAs were also associated with ESR1. In addition, we identified and validated three novel co-regulatory and hormone-responsive lncRNAs: lnc-BMP5, lnc-ZBTB16 and lncRSPO4. Lnc-BMP5 was detected in the urethral epithelium of male phalluses and was downregulated by oestrogen in males. Lnc-ZBTB16 was downregulated by oestrogen treatment in male phalluses at day 50 post-partum (pp). LncRSPO4 was downregulated by adiol treatment in female phalluses but increased in male phalluses after castration. Thus, the expression pattern and hormone responsiveness of these lncRNAs suggests a physiological role in the development of the phallus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna5010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]],"date-time":"2018-12-31T07:22:30Z","timestamp":1546240950000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Androgen and Oestrogen Affect the Expression of Long Non-Coding RNAs During Phallus Development in a Marsupial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3948-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Kuroki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Pask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongshi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asao","family":"Fujiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilyn B.","family":"Renfree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh131","article-title":"UniProt: The universal protein knowledgebase","volume":"32","author":"Apweiler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05874","article-title":"Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the encode pilot project","volume":"447","author":"Birney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108625","article-title":"Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution","volume":"308","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3192","article-title":"The landscape of long noncoding RNAs in the human transcriptome","volume":"47","author":"Iyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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