{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:33:46Z","timestamp":1793230426724,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R00 NR13176, K23 NS101036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 NR13176, K23 NS101036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of hydrocephalus after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an under-recognized healthcare phenomenon and can increase morbidity. The current study aims to characterize post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) in a large cohort. Patients were prospectively enrolled age 16\u201380 years old with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score \u22648. Demographics, GCS, Injury Severity Score (ISS), surgery, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed. Outcomes were shunt failure and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 6 and 12-months. Statistical significance was assessed at p &lt; 0.05. In 402 patients, mean age was 38.0 \u00b1 16.7 years and 315 (78.4%) were male. Forty (10.0%) patients developed PTH, with predominant injuries being subdural hemorrhage (36.4%) and diffuse axonal injury (36.4%). Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) was associated with hydrocephalus (OR 3.62, 95% CI (1.62\u20138.07), p &lt; 0.01). Eighteen (4.5%) patients had shunt failure and proximal obstruction was most common. Differences in baseline CSF cell count were associated with increased shunt failure. PTH was not associated with worse outcomes at 6 (p = 0.55) or 12 (p = 0.47) months. Hydrocephalus is a frequent sequela in 10.0% of patients, particularly after DHC. Shunt placement and revision procedures are common after severe TBI, within the first 4 months of injury and necessitates early recognition by the clinician.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint13040052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T22:07:04Z","timestamp":1634767624000},"page":"527-534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of a Prospective Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hansen","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Goldschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enyinna","family":"Nwachuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9694-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John K.","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Angriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhishuo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ava M.","family":"Puccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Neurotrauma Clinical Trials Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Okonkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Neurotrauma Clinical Trials Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.1.JNS162721","article-title":"Factors associated with shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury","volume":"128","author":"Vedantam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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