{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T10:35:57Z","timestamp":1768818957672,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of substance abuse with oxytocin is a novel approach to a challenging public health issue that continues to contribute to a growing economic cost for societies worldwide. Methamphetamine addiction is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and despite advances in understanding the neurobiology of methamphetamine addiction, treatment options are limited. There are no medications that the Food and Drug Administration currently approves for stimulant use disorder. Off-label use of therapies for stimulant misuse include antidepressants, anxiolytics, and milder stimulants as replacement agents. Due to the shortcomings of these attempts to treat a complicated psychiatric disorder, recent attention to oxytocin therapy (OT) has gained momentum in clinical studies as a possible therapy in the context of social stress, social anxiety, social cognition, and psychosis. Oxytocin produces enhanced connectivity between cortical regions. The results from studies in rodents with OT suggest that central neuromodulation of oxytocin may be beneficial across transition states of stimulant dependence and may alleviate intense withdrawal symptoms. Studies of oxytocin in the context of other drugs of abuse, including cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol, also support the potential of oxytocin to treat stimulant use disorder, methamphetamine type. Methamphetamine abuse continues to be a significant cause of distress and dysfunction throughout the world. The effects of oxytocin on methamphetamine use outlined in this review should act as a catalyst for further investigation into the efficacy of treating stimulant use disorder, methamphetamine type with oxytocin in humans. More human-based research should initiate studies involving the long-term efficacy, side effects, and patient selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint14010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:21Z","timestamp":1643593581000},"page":"186-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Oxytocin, a Novel Treatment for Methamphetamine Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7436-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber N.","family":"Edinoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandler E.","family":"Merriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. Saunders","family":"Alpaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7961-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elyse M.","family":"Cornett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Murnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Kozinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mila","family":"Shah-Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7224-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, November 20). DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Methamphetamine|ACS Chemical Neuroscience [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00123."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107820","article-title":"Oxytocin signaling in the treatment of drug addiction: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges","volume":"223","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"52","article-title":"Developing treatments for stimulant abuse: A brief overview","volume":"26","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"East Asian Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2010.11.004","article-title":"Stimulant Abuse: Pharmacology, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Treatment, Attempts at Pharmacotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, November 20). Oxytocin in the Socioemotional Brain: Implications for Psychiatric Disorders [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4734884\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundar, M., Patel, D., Young, Z., and Leong, K.-C. (2021). Oxytocin and Addiction: Potential Glutamatergic Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052405"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0313-z","article-title":"Targeting the Oxytocin System to Treat Addictive Disorders: Rationale and Progress to Date","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.10.003","article-title":"Rebalancing the Addicted Brain: Oxytocin Interference with the Neural Substrates of Addiction","volume":"40","author":"Bowen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v21n01_02","article-title":"Will the methamphetamine problem go away?","volume":"21","author":"Rawson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.07.017","article-title":"Methamphetamine: Here we go again?","volume":"36","author":"Maxwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0246","article-title":"Neurobiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment of Methamphetamine Use Disorder: A Review","volume":"77","author":"Paulus","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2021, October 03). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt29393\/2019NSDUHFFRPDFWHTML\/2019NSDUHFFR090120.htm."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"301","article-title":"The need for speed: An update on methamphetamine addiction","volume":"31","author":"Barr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci. JPN"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"762","article-title":"Regulation of the vesicular monoamine transporter-2: A novel mechanism for cocaine and other psychostimulants","volume":"296","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12070","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212815200","article-title":"Amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux. A voltage-sensitive and intracellular Na+-dependent mechanism","volume":"278","author":"Khoshbouei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199809)30:1<97::AID-SYN12>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"[3H]substrate- and cell-specific effects of uptake inhibitors on human dopamine and serotonin transporter-mediated efflux","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0742221.x","article-title":"Methamphetamine rapidly decreases vesicular dopamine uptake","volume":"74","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(80)90493-1","article-title":"Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by d-methamphetamine","volume":"29","author":"Suzuki","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.03.009","article-title":"Methamphetamine: Effects on the brain, gut and immune system","volume":"120","author":"Prakash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7","article-title":"Neuropathology of substance use disorders","volume":"127","author":"Cadet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9031-0","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.013","article-title":"Increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in individuals hospitalized with conditions related to the use of methamphetamine or other amphetamine-type drugs","volume":"120","author":"Callaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2013.02.005","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse","volume":"36","author":"Rusyniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2021, November 28). Effects of Exposure to Amphetamine Derivatives on Passive Avoidance Performance and the Central Levels of Monoamines and Their Metabolites in Mice: Correlations between Behavior and Neurochemistry\u2014PubMed [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21993877\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.238501","article-title":"Molecular, Behavioral, and Physiological Consequences of Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity: Implications for Treatment","volume":"362","author":"Moszczynska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002","article-title":"Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death","volume":"60","author":"Krasnova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.8.144","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the dysregulation of gene expression and protein metabolism in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"8","author":"Potashkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20497","article-title":"Chronic stress enhances methamphetamine-induced extracellular glutamate and excitotoxicity in the rat striatum","volume":"62","author":"Tata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00225","article-title":"Methamphetamine Activates Toll-Like Receptor 4 to Induce Central Immune Signaling within the Ventral Tegmental Area and Contributes to Extracellular Dopamine Increase in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01976.x","article-title":"Signal transduction by the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll-like receptor-4","volume":"113","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0696-699","article-title":"Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users","volume":"2","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh046","article-title":"Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?","volume":"127","author":"Moszczynska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01782.x","article-title":"Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse","volume":"102","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Abingdon. Engl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci2040434","article-title":"Functional and structural brain changes associated with methamphetamine abuse","volume":"2","author":"Jan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00711-x","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment of Methamphetamine\/Amphetamine Dependence: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Siefried","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.09.005","article-title":"Psychological treatment for methamphetamine use and associated psychiatric symptom outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"109","author":"Stuart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12414","article-title":"A potential role for N-acetylcysteine in the management of methamphetamine dependence","volume":"36","author":"McKetin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881112473788","article-title":"A brief history of oxytocin and its role in modulating psychostimulant effects","volume":"27","author":"Carson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5593-08.2009","article-title":"Evidence that oxytocin exerts anxiolytic effects via oxytocin receptor expressed in serotonergic neurons in mice","volume":"29","author":"Yoshida","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.12.005","article-title":"Oxytocin buffers cortisol responses to stress in individuals with impaired emotion regulation abilities","volume":"36","author":"Quirin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"127","article-title":"Oxytocin: The Great Facilitator of Life","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.629","article-title":"The Oxytocin Receptor System: Structure, Function, and Regulation","volume":"81","author":"Gimpl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.030","article-title":"Evoked axonal oxytocin release in the central amygdala attenuates fear response","volume":"73","author":"Knobloch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.041","article-title":"A New Population of Parvocellular Oxytocin Neurons Controlling Magnocellular Neuron Activity and Inflammatory Pain Processing","volume":"89","author":"Eliava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.11.011","article-title":"Oxytocin acts in nucleus accumbens to attenuate methamphetamine seeking and demand","volume":"81","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.11.038","article-title":"Oxytocin directly administered into the nucleus accumbens core or subthalamic nucleus attenuates methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference","volume":"228","author":"Baracz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2015.08.013","article-title":"Oxytocin excites nucleus accumbens shell neurons in vivo","volume":"68","author":"Moaddab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.07.007","article-title":"Oxytocin and Rodent Models of Addiction","volume":"140","author":"Leong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.018","article-title":"Oxytocin decreases methamphetamine self-administration, methamphetamine hyperactivity, and relapse to methamphetamine-seeking behaviour in rats","volume":"58","author":"Carson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9297-7","article-title":"The effects of vasopressin and oxytocin on methamphetamine\u2013induced place preference behaviour in rats","volume":"27","author":"Subiah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00247.x","article-title":"Systemically administered oxytocin decreases methamphetamine activation of the subthalamic nucleus and accumbens core and stimulates oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus: Oxytocin and addiction","volume":"15","author":"Carson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baracz, S.J., Parker, L.M., Suraev, A.S., Everett, N.A., Goodchild, A.K., McGregor, I.S., and Cornish, J.L. (2016). Chronic Methamphetamine Self-Administration Dysregulates Oxytocin Plasma Levels and Oxytocin Receptor Fibre Density in the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Subthalamic Nucleus of the Rat. J. Neuroendocrinol., 28.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12337"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0566-6","article-title":"The effect of chronic oxytocin treatment during abstinence from methamphetamine self-administration on incubation of craving, reinstatement, and anxiety","volume":"45","author":"Everett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baracz, S.J., Everett, N.A., and Cornish, J.L. (2015). The Involvement of Oxytocin in the Subthalamic Nucleus on Relapse to Methamphetamine-Seeking Behaviour. Fuchs R, editor. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136132"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.06.002","article-title":"Oxytocin treatment in the prelimbic cortex reduces relapse to methamphetamine-seeking and is associated with reduced activity in the rostral nucleus accumbens core","volume":"183","author":"Everett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108059","article-title":"Oxytocin-enhanced group therapy for methamphetamine use disorder: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"116","author":"Stauffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.01.010","article-title":"Effects of oxytocin on methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and the possible role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice in reinstatement","volume":"56","author":"Qi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/14\/1\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:22Z","timestamp":1760134282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/14\/1\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["neurolint14010015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint14010015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]}}}