{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:31:21Z","timestamp":1792096281576,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Variations in the morphological anatomy of the median nerve such as formation, distribution, and communication have been well documented. All these variations should be taken into account when practicing any surgical approach for the treatment of injuries affecting the median nerve. Furthermore, they are of the utmost importance for interpretation of the clinical presentation. Methods: The objective of this investigation was to determine the anatomical variations in the formation of the median nerve in cadavers at the Forensic Pathology department in Central Clinical Hospital of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation between January 2022 and April 2022. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective information source study was conducted on 42 anatomical bodies (corpses) and 84 brachial plexuses. Results: After analyzing the results obtained in this investigation, we concluded that the median nerve presented variation in its formation in 22.6% of the investigated cases. These variations were more common in males (81.8%) than females (18.2%). The anatomical variation was unilateral in 7.1% and bilateral in 19% of all anatomical bodies examined. Conclusions: The median nerve presented a great number of variations in its formation in roughly 23% of the anatomical bodies, with male being the predominant gender. Furthermore, the most frequent region of formation was the axillary region (92.9%). For clinicians, it is important to remember these variations during surgical procedures in this area and during brachial plexus block.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint14030054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:22:48Z","timestamp":1661300568000},"page":"664-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Anatomical Variations of the Median Nerve: A Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Encarnacion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Russian People\u2019s Friendship University, 121359 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renat","family":"Nurmukhametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 121359 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5332-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossi Evelyn","family":"Barrientos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Russian People\u2019s Friendship University, 121359 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1394-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Melchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Anatomy, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 121359 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9809-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Goncharov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology and Orthopedics Center, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 121359 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8844-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Russian People\u2019s Friendship University, 121359 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Mogorron","family":"Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO Research in Digital Anatomy, University of Paris Rene Descartes, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Francois","family":"Uhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO Research in Digital Anatomy, University of Paris Rene Descartes, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim E.","family":"Efe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Montemurro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1266-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issael","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Oncology Fellow Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"Anatom\u00eda humana: Descriptiva, topogr\u00e1fica y funcional","volume":"2","author":"Delmas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Barc. Masson"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.18231\/2455-8451.2017.0007","article-title":"Cadaveric study of variations in the formation of median nerve","volume":"3","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"46","article-title":"S\u00edndrome del pronador","volume":"10","author":"Almejo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthotips AMOT"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.129632","article-title":"Cadaveric study of anatomical variations of the median nerve and persistent median artery at wrist","volume":"47","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anatomic Variation of the Median Nerve Associated with an Anomalous Muscle of the Forearm","volume":"59","author":"Atoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"26","article-title":"Five Roots Pattern of Median Nerve Formation","volume":"59","author":"Natsis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21767\/AMJ.2014.2070","article-title":"Bilateral variations of brachial plexus involving the median nerve and lateral cord: An anatomical case study with clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Butz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australas. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2020.0013","article-title":"Anatomical variation of a trifid (trifurcation) lateral root origin of the median nerve","volume":"79","author":"Chrysikos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2020.0121","article-title":"Unusual formation of the musculocutaneous and median nerves: A case report refined by intraneural dissection and literature review","volume":"80","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022017000200050","article-title":"A study of anatomical variations of median nerve formation and its relation to the arteries in the axilla and arm","volume":"35","author":"Samarawickrama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20150144","article-title":"Anatomical variation in the formation and course of median nerve: A cadaveric study","volume":"1","author":"Kumari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2014\/9542","article-title":"Study of the Anatomical Variations of the Median Nerve in Human Fetuses","volume":"4","author":"Reis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Res. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21276\/apjhs.2016.3.4.3","article-title":"Variation in the formation, communication and distribution of median nerve: A cadaveric study","volume":"3","author":"Patil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2016.157","article-title":"A Study of the different types of formation of the median nerve","volume":"4","author":"Chitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Anat. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2016.0045","article-title":"Anatomical variations of median nerve formation, distribution and possible communication with other nerves in preserved human cadavers","volume":"76","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2015.215","article-title":"Variations in the formation and relation of median nerve","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Anat. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"43","article-title":"Multiple bilateral neuroanatomical variations of the nerves of the arm","volume":"6","author":"Chitra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24993","article-title":"Median and ulnar nerve anastomoses in the upper limb: A meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.173669","article-title":"Congenital absence of a cervical spine pedicle","volume":"64","author":"Perrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/21646821.2020.1804286","article-title":"Bilateral Martin-Gruber and Marinacci Anastomoses in the Same Patient: A Case Report","volume":"60","author":"Nimma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurodiagn. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003873","article-title":"Establishing the Injury Severity of Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma: Validating the Hierarchical Nature of the AO Spine Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System","volume":"46","author":"Schroeder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2013.858336","article-title":"Ulnar neuropathy with prominent proximal Martin-Gruber anastomosis","volume":"124","author":"Burakgazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1108","article-title":"Intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis","volume":"15","author":"Vazquez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2020.100877","article-title":"Angioleiomyoma of the knee: An uncommon cause of leg pain. A systematic review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Montemurro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montemurro, N., Scerrati, A., Ricciardi, L., and Trevisi, G. (2021). The Exoscope in Neurosurgery: An Overview of the Current Literature of Intraoperative Use in Brain and Spine Surgery. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010223"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, R., Narayanan, M.D.K., Umana, G.E., Montemurro, N., Chaurasia, B., and Deora, H. (2022). Virtual Reality in Neurosurgery: Beyond Neurosurgical Planning. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031719"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.02.045","article-title":"Practical guidelines for setting up an endoscopic\/skull base cadaver laboratory","volume":"79","author":"Tschabitscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."}],"container-title":["Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/14\/3\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:00Z","timestamp":1760141640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/14\/3\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["neurolint14030054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint14030054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]}}}