{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:05:41Z","timestamp":1768007141996,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Medical Society","award":["202210035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202210035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This retrospective chart review study explored the etiology, use, and yield of the etiological investigations of 651 children and adolescents diagnosed with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF). Neurological, neurodevelopmental, or neuropsychiatric comorbidities were frequent, and in 23%, the BIF diagnosis evolved into an intellectual disability (ID) by the time of discharge. A primary etiological cause was found in 37.6%, the most prevalent causes being pre- or perinatal conditions, genetic syndromes\/chromosomal abnormalities, fetal exposure to maternal substance use, cerebral dysgenesis, and neurological diseases. In total, 79.1% of patients went through one or more investigations during their follow-up. The best etiologic yield leading to a diagnosis in this study population was with exome sequencing, a specific gene panel, microarrays, electroneuromyography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Etiological investigations were performed more frequently among those children receiving an ID diagnosis. Yet, there was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of abnormal findings between the BIF and ID groups. This may mean that the current strategy for determining the need for etiological investigations or current means to gain an etiology is still indecisive. Considering that BIF is defined to include individuals performing between normal cognitive functioning and mild ID, this implies that the prevalence would be anywhere between 7 and 14%. Thus, it could be argued whether in-depth etiological investigations may be justified in cases other than ID in this age group of children over five. With these children and adolescents, the clinicians have to discern between those with a normal variation and those having major difficulties in adaptive behavior affecting everyday life in order to specify and prescribe the rehabilitation or other measures needed. We advocate for a targeted etiological search after careful history-taking and neurological examination. National guidelines that take into account the severity of developmental delay are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint14040080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T03:35:53Z","timestamp":1670470553000},"page":"1007-1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Borderline Intellectual Functioning: Etiological, Neurophysiological, and Mri Findings in a Cohort of 651 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Heli","family":"S\u00e4til\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Neurology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6760-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Mirjami","family":"Jolma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Neurology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2854-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Koivu-Jolma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6minkatu 2, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-52.6.419","article-title":"Borderline intellectual functioning: A systematic literature review","volume":"52","author":"Peltopuro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intellect. Dev. 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