{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:49:46Z","timestamp":1788817786207,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Study of the interrelationships between neuroimaging, neurophysiological and biomechanical biomarkers in stroke rehabilitation (NEURO-BIO-MECH in stroke rehab)","award":["MIS 5047286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047286"]}]},{"name":"Study of the interrelationships between neuroimaging, neurophysiological and biomechanical biomarkers in stroke rehabilitation (NEURO-BIO-MECH in stroke rehab)","award":["NSRFm2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRFm2014-2020"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program \u201cCompetitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation\u201d","award":["MIS 5047286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047286"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program \u201cCompetitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation\u201d","award":["NSRFm2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRFm2014-2020"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund)","award":["MIS 5047286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047286"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund)","award":["NSRFm2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRFm2014-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke constitutes the second highest cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide while also impacting the world economy, triggering substantial financial burden in national health systems. High levels of blood glucose, homocysteine, and cholesterol are causative factors for atherothrombosis. These molecules induce erythrocyte dysfunction, which can culminate in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, thrombus stabilization, and post-stroke hypoxia. Glucose, toxic lipids, and homocysteine result in erythrocyte oxidative stress. This leads to phosphatidylserine exposure, promoting phagocytosis. Phagocytosis by endothelial cells, intraplaque macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells contribute to the expansion of the atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, oxidative stress-induced erythrocytes and endothelial cell arginase upregulation limit the pool for nitric oxide synthesis, leading to endothelial activation. Increased arginase activity may also lead to the formation of polyamines, which limit the deformability of red blood cells, hence facilitating erythrophagocytosis. Erythrocytes can also participate in the activation of platelets through the release of ADP and ATP and the activation of death receptors and pro-thrombin. Damaged erythrocytes can also associate with neutrophil extracellular traps and subsequently activate T lymphocytes. In addition, reduced levels of CD47 protein in the surface of red blood cells can also lead to erythrophagocytosis and a reduced association with fibrinogen. In the ischemic tissue, impaired erythrocyte 2,3 biphosphoglycerate, because of obesity or aging, can also favor hypoxic brain inflammation, while the release of damage molecules can lead to further erythrocyte dysfunction and death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T01:59:03Z","timestamp":1674525543000},"page":"124-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Unexplored Roles of Erythrocytes in Atherothrombotic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Charalampos","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Anagnostopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Tsiptsios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Karatzetzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Liaptsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene Zacharo","family":"Lazaridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Kokkotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Makri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ioannidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5108-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Aggelousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-369X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Vadikolias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012781","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Stroke and Access to Acute Ischemic Stroke Interventions","volume":"97","author":"Saini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosales, S., Alet, M., Lereis, V.P., and Ameriso, S.F. 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