{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:35:46Z","timestamp":1792593346825,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of stimulant use disorder (StUD) involving methamphetamine and cocaine has been a growing healthcare concern in the United States. Cocaine usage is associated with atherosclerosis, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and arrhythmias. Furthermore, approximately one of every four MIs is cocaine-induced among patients aged 18 to 45. Methamphetamine use has been associated with nerve terminal damage in the dopaminergic system resulting in impaired motor function, cognitive decline, and co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Current treatment options for StUD are extremely limited, and there are currently no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies. Behavioral interventions are considered first-line treatment; however, in a recent meta-analysis comparing behavioral treatment options for cocaine, contingency management programs provided the only significant reduction in use. Current evidence points to the potential of various neuromodulation techniques as the next best modality in treating StUD. The most promising evidence thus far has been transcranial magnetic stimulation which several studies have shown to reduce risk factors associated with relapse. Another more invasive neuromodulation technique being studied is deep-brain stimulation, which has shown promising results in its ability to modulate reward circuits to treat addiction. Results showing the impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of StUD are limited by the lack of studies conducted and the limited understanding of the neurological involvement driving addiction-based diseases such as StUD. Future studies should seek to provide data on consumption-reducing effects rather than craving evaluations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T03:59:57Z","timestamp":1677556797000},"page":"325-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transcranial Stimulation for the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7436-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber N.","family":"Edinoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saveen","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Dean","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry H.","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Lenise G.","family":"Soileau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine\u2014Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Murnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Wenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine\u2014Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7961-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elyse M.","family":"Cornett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Toms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumbhare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7224-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan D.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.031","article-title":"Trends and correlates of cocaine use and cocaine use disorder in the United States from 2011 to 2015","volume":"180","author":"John","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.003","article-title":"Methamphetamine: An update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature","volume":"143","author":"Courtney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e048528","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048528","article-title":"Changes in medical use of central nervous system stimulants among US adults, 2013 and 2018: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31815a56f1","article-title":"Misuse and Diversion of Stimulants Prescribed for ADHD: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"47","author":"Wilens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Drug Abuse Warning Network (2022, October 01). National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. 100, Available online: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/DAWN2k11ED\/DAWN2k11ED\/DAWN2k11ED.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-010-9100-5","article-title":"Acute brain metabolic effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys with a history of cocaine use","volume":"4","author":"Henry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.06.018","article-title":"Cocaine pharmacology and current pharmacotherapies for its abuse","volume":"12","author":"Carrera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"152","article-title":"Dopamine Signaling in reward-related behaviors","volume":"7","author":"BEbaik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1403","article-title":"The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice","volume":"162","author":"Kalivas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010273","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.121.010273","article-title":"Stimulant Drugs of Abuse and Cardiac Arrhythmias","volume":"15","author":"Dominic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"38161","article-title":"Methamphetamine Use: A Narrative Review of Adverse Effects and Related Toxicities","volume":"10","author":"Edinoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heal. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33324","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.483487","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced Occludin Endocytosis Is Mediated by the Arp2\/3 Complex-regulated Actin Rearrangement","volume":"288","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12045","article-title":"Selective serotonin 2A receptor antagonism attenuates the effects of amphetamine on arousal and dopamine overflow in non-human primates","volume":"22","author":"Murnane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2011.05.004","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations of Chronic Methamphetamine Abuse","volume":"29","author":"Rusyniak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2504-0","article-title":"Effects of exposure to amphetamine derivatives on passive avoidance performance and the central levels of monoamines and their metabolites in mice: Correlations between behavior and neurochemistry","volume":"220","author":"Murnane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2943-2","article-title":"Effects of methamphetamine self-administration on actigraphy-based sleep parameters in rhesus monkeys","volume":"227","author":"Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01160.x","article-title":"The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal","volume":"100","author":"McGregor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01408-z","article-title":"Methamphetamine induces cardiomyopathy by Sigmar1 inhibition-dependent impairment of mitochondrial dynamics and function","volume":"3","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100435","article-title":"Early onset cardiovascular disease related to methamphetamine use is most striking in individuals under 30: A retrospective chart review","volume":"15","author":"Batra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020214","article-title":"Bupropion and Naltrexone in Methamphetamine Use Disorder","volume":"384","author":"Trivedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.023","article-title":"Nonhuman Primate Neuroimaging and the Neurobiology of Psychostimulant Addiction","volume":"1141","author":"Howell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2222-7","article-title":"Neuroimaging and drug taking in primates","volume":"216","author":"Murnane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint14010015","article-title":"Oxytocin, a Novel Treatment for Methamphetamine Use Disorder","volume":"14","author":"Edinoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218049","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.8049","article-title":"Comparison of Treatments for Cocaine Use Disorder Among Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Bentzley","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40732-014-0110-3","article-title":"Reinforcement Schedule Effects on Long-Term Behavior Change","volume":"65","author":"Chudzynski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Rec."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2022, October 31). Contingency Management for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Use Disorder: A Systematic Review|Elsevier Enhanced Reader [Internet] [Cited 31 October 2022]. Available online: https:\/\/reader.elsevier.com\/reader\/sd\/pii\/S0376871620304725?token=19665E8731AC612A415D0438BD78607FE0B919DFDF2BB9012118B1B589C8C7AB18AA735F2B03B24E8CEBC3656940F95B&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20221031235458."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Harada, T., Tsutomi, H., Mori, R., and Wilson, D.B. (2022, November 19). Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment for Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS)-Use Disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. [Cited 31 October 2022]; (12). Available online: https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011315.pub2\/full."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Jilani, T.N., Gibbons, J.R., Faizy, R.M., and Saadabadi, A. (2022, November 19). Mirtazapine [Internet]. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [Cited 19 November 2022], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519059\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3655","article-title":"Effects of Mirtazapine for Methamphetamine Use Disorder Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex With Men: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"77","author":"Coffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109295","article-title":"Mirtazapine for the treatment of amphetamine and methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"232","author":"Naji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05074-8","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for Cocaine Use Disorder\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"CChan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.03.008","article-title":"A pilot trial of topiramate for the treatment of cocaine dependence","volume":"75","author":"Kampman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"344","article-title":"Applications of TMS to therapy in psychiatry","volume":"19","author":"Lisanby","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. Publ. Am. Electroencephalogr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"731","article-title":"Personalized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Psychiatry","volume":"3","author":"Cocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20905","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for smoking cessation: A pivotal multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Zangen","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2020.1841784","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroimaging for cocaine use disorder: Review and future directions","volume":"47","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173240","article-title":"Treating cocaine and opioid use disorder with transcranial magnetic stimulation: A path forward","volume":"209","author":"Steele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14753","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on craving and substance consumption in patients with substance dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3709-9","article-title":"Functional connectivity in frontal-striatal brain networks and cocaine self-administration in female rhesus monkeys","volume":"232","author":"Murnane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belgers, M., Van Eijndhoven, P., Markus, W., Schene, A.H., and Schellekens, A. (2022). rTMS Reduces Craving and Alcohol Use in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder: Results of a Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11040951"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12638","article-title":"Either at left or right, both high and low frequency rTMS of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases cue induced craving for methamphetamine","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100944","article-title":"A transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol for decreasing the craving of methamphetamine-dependent patients","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.835","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression","volume":"160","author":"Gershon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.01.028","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in subjects with sleep disorders","volume":"71","author":"Nardone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.12.018","article-title":"Gender does not matter: Add-on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for female methamphetamine dependents","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-018-0205-y","article-title":"Intervention Effect of Repetitive TMS on Behavioral Adjustment After Error Commission in Long-Term Methamphetamine Addicts: Evidence From a Two-Choice Oddball Task","volume":"34","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00208","article-title":"Twice-Daily Theta Burst Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Methamphetamine Craving: A Pilot Study","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473709666151217121309","article-title":"Laterality of Brain Activation for Risk Factors of Addiction","volume":"9","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.02.006","article-title":"10-Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Heroin Cue Craving in Long-Term Addicts","volume":"80","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15129","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15129","article-title":"Relationships between the resting-state network and the P3: Evidence from a scalp EEG study","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200910","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0910","article-title":"Effect of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Impulse Inhibition in Abstinent Patients With Methamphetamine Addiction: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"3","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.01.003","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Nicotine Cue Craving","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00133","article-title":"Bilateral Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Cocaine Intake: A Pilot Study","volume":"7","author":"Bolloni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.01.052","article-title":"Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on sleeping quality and mood status in drug dependent male inpatients during abstinence","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1196","article-title":"A comprehensive study of sensorimotor cortex excitability in chronic cocaine users: Integrating TMS and functional MRI data","volume":"157","author":"Hanlon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21634-0","article-title":"Gray and white matter integrity influence TMS signal propagation: A multimodal evaluation in cocaine-dependent individuals","volume":"8","author":"Lench","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC157","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-j0003.2001","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Prefrontal Cortex Induces Dopamine Release in the Caudate Nucleus","volume":"21","author":"Strafella","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12403","article-title":"Prefrontal gray matter volume recovery in treatment-seeking cocaine-addicted individuals: A longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Parvaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01147","article-title":"Accelerated Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation as a Treatment for Cocaine Use Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"13","author":"Steele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotolo, M., Pacifici, R., Pellegrini, M., Cardullo, S., P\u00e9rez, L., Cuppone, D., Gallimberti, L., and Madeo, G. (2021). Hair Testing for Classic Drugs of Abuse to Monitor Cocaine Use Disorder in Patients Following Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol Treatment. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050403"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00158","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Large Cohort of Patients With Cocaine-Use Disorder: An Observational Study","volume":"11","author":"Madeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronsley, C., Nolan, S., Knight, R., Hayashi, K., Klimas, J., Walley, A., Wood, E., and Fairbairn, N. (2020). Treatment of stimulant use disorder: A systematic review of reviews. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234809"}],"container-title":["Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/15\/1\/21\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:44:06Z","timestamp":1760121846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/15\/1\/21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["neurolint15010021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint15010021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]}}}