{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T18:51:40Z","timestamp":1793559100111,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: SARS-CoV-2 clinical manifestation and progression are variable and unpredictable, hence the importance of considering biomarkers in clinical practice that can be useful for both diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. This review aims to summarize, for intensive care physicians, the most recent state of knowledge regarding known COVID-19 in critical patients. We searched PubMed\u00ae using the Boolean operators and identified all results on the PubMed\u00ae database of all studies regarding COVID-19 biomarkers. We selected studies regarding endothelium, cytokines, bacterial infection, coagulation, and cardiovascular biomarkers. Methods: We divided the results into four essential paragraphs: \u201cCytokine storm\u201d, \u201cEndothelium dysfunction and coagulation biomarkers in COVID-19\u201d, \u201cBiomarker of sepsis\u201d, and Cardiovascular lung and new perspectives. Results: The assessments of the severe COVID-19 prognosis should monitor, over time, IL-6, soluble Von Willebrand factor (VWF), P-selectin, sCD40L, thrombomodulin, VCAM-1, endothelin- Troponin, D-dimer, LDH, CRP, and procalcitonin. Metabolomic alterations and ACE2 receptors represent new perspectives. Discussion and Conclusions: Early identification of critically ill patients has been crucial in the first COVID-19 pandemic wave for the sustainability of the healthcare emergency system and clinical management. Only through the early identification of the most severe patients can they be provided with the most appropriate treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15030056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T03:17:27Z","timestamp":1690168647000},"page":"881-895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["COVID-19 Biomarkers for Critically Ill Patients: A Compendium for the Physician"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Arturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care of University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4512-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Melegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Giansante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41215 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuronguard, Neuron Guard Ltd., Windsor House, Station Court, Station Road Great Shelford, Cambridge CB22 5NE, 7170 Cambridgeshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bertellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care of University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2020.04.007","article-title":"Novel coronavirus (2019-nCov): Do you have enough intensive care units?","volume":"44","author":"Melegari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. 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