{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:11:34Z","timestamp":1785247894220,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Study of the interrelationships between neuroimaging, neurophysiological and biomechanical biomarkers in stroke rehabilitation (NEURO-BIO-MECH in stroke rehab)","award":["MIS 5047286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047286"]}]},{"name":"Study of the interrelationships between neuroimaging, neurophysiological and biomechanical biomarkers in stroke rehabilitation (NEURO-BIO-MECH in stroke rehab)","award":["NSRFm2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRFm2014-2020"]}]},{"name":"Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation","award":["MIS 5047286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047286"]}]},{"name":"Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation","award":["NSRFm2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRFm2014-2020"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (the European Regional Development Fund)","award":["MIS 5047286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047286"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (the European Regional Development Fund)","award":["NSRFm2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRFm2014-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is the leading cause of functional disability worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults. Given the considerable negative impact on patients\u2019 quality of life and the financial burden on their families and society, it is essential to provide stroke survivors with a timely and reliable prognosis of stroke recurrence. Leukoaraiosis (LA) is a common neuroimaging feature of cerebral small-vessel disease. By researching the literature of two different databases (MEDLINE and Scopus), the present study aims to review all relevant studies from the last decade, dealing with the clinical utility of pre-existing LA as a prognostic factor for stroke recurrence in stroke survivors. Nineteen full-text articles published in English were identified and included in the present review, with data collected from a total of 34,546 stroke patients. A higher rate of extended LA was strongly associated with stroke recurrence in all stroke subtypes, even after adjustment for clinical risk factors. In particular, patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with advanced LA had a significantly higher risk of future ischemic stroke, whereas patients with previous intracerebral hemorrhage and severe LA had a more than 2.5-fold increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke and a more than 30-fold increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Finally, in patients receiving anticoagulant treatment for AF, the presence of LA was associated with an increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage. Because of this valuable predictive information, evaluating LA could significantly expand our knowledge of stroke patients and thereby improve overall stroke care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15030064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:57:52Z","timestamp":1692665872000},"page":"994-1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Leukoaraiosis as a Promising Biomarker of Stroke Recurrence among Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Theofanis","family":"Dimaras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ermis","family":"Merkouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Tsiptsios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foteini","family":"Christidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Sousanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, 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